[ovs-dev] [PATCH v2 1/2] Increase prerequisite from Python 2.4 to Python 2.7.

Ben Pfaff blp at nicira.com
Wed Jun 10 16:04:22 UTC 2015


This means that users of XenServer 6.5 and earlier will need to install
Python 2.7.

Signed-off-by: Ben Pfaff <blp at nicira.com>
---
 COPYING                           |   52 -
 INSTALL.XenServer.md              |    5 +-
 INSTALL.md                        |    4 +-
 Makefile.am                       |   11 +-
 NEWS                              |    3 +
 configure.ac                      |    1 -
 debian/control                    |    2 +-
 debian/copyright.in               |   58 -
 debian/openvswitch-test.install   |    2 +-
 debian/python-openvswitch.install |    2 +-
 m4/openvswitch.m4                 |   38 +-
 python/compat/argparse.py         | 2350 -------------------------------------
 python/compat/automake.mk         |    3 -
 python/compat/uuid.py             |  594 ----------
 python/ovs/poller.py              |    6 +-
 rhel/openvswitch-fedora.spec.in   |    3 +-
 rhel/openvswitch.spec.in          |    5 +-
 tests/atlocal.in                  |   14 +-
 xenserver/openvswitch-xen.spec.in |    2 -
 19 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 3133 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 python/compat/argparse.py
 delete mode 100644 python/compat/automake.mk
 delete mode 100644 python/compat/uuid.py

diff --git a/COPYING b/COPYING
index 9d6fc48..308e3ea 100644
--- a/COPYING
+++ b/COPYING
@@ -39,55 +39,3 @@ Sun Industry Standards Source License 1.1, that is available at:
         http://host-sflow.sourceforge.net/sissl.html
 or the InMon sFlow License, that is available at:
         http://www.inmon.com/technology/sflowlicense.txt
-
-Files under python/compat are licensed under the Python Software
-Foundation License, version 2:
-
-   PYTHON SOFTWARE FOUNDATION LICENSE VERSION 2
-   --------------------------------------------
-
-   1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between the Python Software Foundation
-   ("PSF"), and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and
-   otherwise using this software ("Python") in source or binary form and
-   its associated documentation.
-
-   2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License Agreement, PSF
-   hereby grants Licensee a nonexclusive, royalty-free, world-wide
-   license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly,
-   prepare derivative works, distribute, and otherwise use Python
-   alone or in any derivative version, provided, however, that PSF's
-   License Agreement and PSF's notice of copyright, i.e., "Copyright (c)
-   2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 Python Software Foundation;
-   All Rights Reserved" are retained in Python alone or in any derivative
-   version prepared by Licensee.
-
-   3. In the event Licensee prepares a derivative work that is based on
-   or incorporates Python or any part thereof, and wants to make
-   the derivative work available to others as provided herein, then
-   Licensee hereby agrees to include in any such work a brief summary of
-   the changes made to Python.
-
-   4. PSF is making Python available to Licensee on an "AS IS"
-   basis.  PSF MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR
-   IMPLIED.  BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, PSF MAKES NO AND
-   DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS
-   FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF PYTHON WILL NOT
-   INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS.
-
-   5. PSF SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF PYTHON
-   FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS
-   A RESULT OF MODIFYING, DISTRIBUTING, OR OTHERWISE USING PYTHON,
-   OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF.
-
-   6. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material
-   breach of its terms and conditions.
-
-   7. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any
-   relationship of agency, partnership, or joint venture between PSF and
-   Licensee.  This License Agreement does not grant permission to use PSF
-   trademarks or trade name in a trademark sense to endorse or promote
-   products or services of Licensee, or any third party.
-
-   8. By copying, installing or otherwise using Python, Licensee
-   agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License
-   Agreement.
diff --git a/INSTALL.XenServer.md b/INSTALL.XenServer.md
index 4be974b..0c64be3 100644
--- a/INSTALL.XenServer.md
+++ b/INSTALL.XenServer.md
@@ -5,7 +5,10 @@ This document describes how to build and install Open vSwitch on a
 Citrix XenServer host.  If you want to install Open vSwitch on a
 generic Linux or BSD host, see [INSTALL.md] instead.
 
-These instructions have been tested with XenServer 5.6 FP1.
+Open vSwitch should work with XenServer 5.6.100 and later.  However,
+Open vSwitch requires Python 2.7 or later, so using Open vSwitch with
+XenServer 6.5 or earlier requires installing Python 2.7.
+
 
 Building Open vSwitch for XenServer
 -----------------------------------
diff --git a/INSTALL.md b/INSTALL.md
index 9f8c57e..3dc16aa 100644
--- a/INSTALL.md
+++ b/INSTALL.md
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ you will need the following software:
     libssl is installed, then Open vSwitch will automatically build
     with support for it.
 
-  - Python 2.x, for x >= 4.
+  - Python 2.7.
 
 On Linux, you may choose to compile the kernel module that comes with
 the Open vSwitch distribution or to use the kernel module built into
@@ -114,8 +114,6 @@ formats other than plain text, only if you have the following:
   - Perl.  Version 5.10.1 is known to work.  Earlier versions should
     also work.
 
-  - Python 2.x, for x >= 4.
-
 If you are going to extensively modify Open vSwitch, please consider
 installing the following to obtain better warnings:
 
diff --git a/Makefile.am b/Makefile.am
index 59a1466..14c398d 100644
--- a/Makefile.am
+++ b/Makefile.am
@@ -51,13 +51,9 @@ endif
 # vSwitch, but it causes trouble if you switch from a version with
 # foo/__init__.py into an (older) version with plain foo.py, since
 # foo/__init__.pyc will cause Python to ignore foo.py.
-if INCLUDE_PYTHON_COMPAT
-run_python = PYTHONPATH=$(top_srcdir)/python$(psep)$(top_srcdir)/python/compat$(psep)$$PYTHONPATH
-else
-run_python = PYTHONPATH=$(top_srcdir)/python$(psep)$$PYTHONPATH
-endif
-run_python += PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE=yes $(PYTHON)
-
+run_python = \
+	PYTHONPATH=$(top_srcdir)/python$(psep)$$PYTHONPATH \
+	PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE=yes $(PYTHON)
 
 ALL_LOCAL =
 BUILT_SOURCES =
@@ -374,7 +370,6 @@ include ovsdb/automake.mk
 include rhel/automake.mk
 include xenserver/automake.mk
 include python/automake.mk
-include python/compat/automake.mk
 include tutorial/automake.mk
 include vtep/automake.mk
 include datapath-windows/automake.mk
diff --git a/NEWS b/NEWS
index a480607..54e7c6f 100644
--- a/NEWS
+++ b/NEWS
@@ -81,6 +81,9 @@ Post-v2.3.0
      openvswitch.ko but built and loaded automatically as individual kernel
      modules (vport-*.ko).
    - Support for STT tunneling.
+   - Dropped support for Python older than version 2.7.  As a consequence,
+     using Open vSwitch 2.4 or later on XenServer 6.5 or earlier (which
+     have Python 2.4) requires first installing Python 2.7.
 
 
 v2.3.0 - 14 Aug 2014
diff --git a/configure.ac b/configure.ac
index 068674e..4ff3220 100644
--- a/configure.ac
+++ b/configure.ac
@@ -93,7 +93,6 @@ OVS_CHECK_NETLINK
 OVS_CHECK_OPENSSL
 OVS_CHECK_LOGDIR
 OVS_CHECK_PYTHON
-OVS_CHECK_PYTHON_COMPAT
 OVS_CHECK_DOT
 OVS_CHECK_IF_PACKET
 OVS_CHECK_IF_DL
diff --git a/debian/control b/debian/control
index 0fe7018..66cb361 100644
--- a/debian/control
+++ b/debian/control
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Uploaders: Ben Pfaff <pfaffben at debian.org>, Simon Horman <horms at debian.org>
 Build-Depends:
  debhelper (>= 8), autoconf (>= 2.64), automake (>= 1.10) | automake1.10, 
  libssl-dev, bzip2, openssl, graphviz,
- python-all (>= 2.6.6-3~), procps, python-qt4,
+ python-all (>= 2.7), procps, python-qt4,
  python-zopeinterface, python-twisted-conch, libtool
 Standards-Version: 3.9.3
 Homepage: http://openvswitch.org/
diff --git a/debian/copyright.in b/debian/copyright.in
index a9aaa5b..c91d1a6 100644
--- a/debian/copyright.in
+++ b/debian/copyright.in
@@ -128,64 +128,6 @@ License:
 
 	lib/crc32c.c
 
-* The following components are licensed under the
-  Python Software Foundation License Version 2.
-
-	python/compat/uuid.py
-	python/compat/argparse.py
-
-	* These components are only distributed in the source package.
-	  They do not appear in any binary packages.
-
-   PYTHON SOFTWARE FOUNDATION LICENSE VERSION 2
-   --------------------------------------------
-
-   1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between the Python Software Foundation
-   ("PSF"), and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and
-   otherwise using this software ("Python") in source or binary form and
-   its associated documentation.
-
-   2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License Agreement, PSF
-   hereby grants Licensee a nonexclusive, royalty-free, world-wide
-   license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly,
-   prepare derivative works, distribute, and otherwise use Python
-   alone or in any derivative version, provided, however, that PSF's
-   License Agreement and PSF's notice of copyright, i.e., "Copyright (c)
-   2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 Python Software Foundation;
-   All Rights Reserved" are retained in Python alone or in any derivative
-   version prepared by Licensee.
-
-   3. In the event Licensee prepares a derivative work that is based on
-   or incorporates Python or any part thereof, and wants to make
-   the derivative work available to others as provided herein, then
-   Licensee hereby agrees to include in any such work a brief summary of
-   the changes made to Python.
-
-   4. PSF is making Python available to Licensee on an "AS IS"
-   basis.  PSF MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR
-   IMPLIED.  BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, PSF MAKES NO AND
-   DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS
-   FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF PYTHON WILL NOT
-   INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS.
-
-   5. PSF SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF PYTHON
-   FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS
-   A RESULT OF MODIFYING, DISTRIBUTING, OR OTHERWISE USING PYTHON,
-   OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF.
-
-   6. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material
-   breach of its terms and conditions.
-
-   7. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any
-   relationship of agency, partnership, or joint venture between PSF and
-   Licensee.  This License Agreement does not grant permission to use PSF
-   trademarks or trade name in a trademark sense to endorse or promote
-   products or services of Licensee, or any third party.
-
-   8. By copying, installing or otherwise using Python, Licensee
-   agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License
-   Agreement.
-
 * lib/ovs.tmac in the source distribution, and manpages in the
   binaries, includes troff macros from groff 1.21 that contain the
   following notice:
diff --git a/debian/openvswitch-test.install b/debian/openvswitch-test.install
index a2ea413..b295ead 100644
--- a/debian/openvswitch-test.install
+++ b/debian/openvswitch-test.install
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
-usr/share/openvswitch/python/ovstest usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/
+usr/share/openvswitch/python/ovstest usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/
 usr/bin/ovs-test
 usr/bin/ovs-l3ping
diff --git a/debian/python-openvswitch.install b/debian/python-openvswitch.install
index 9387e68..0472d41 100644
--- a/debian/python-openvswitch.install
+++ b/debian/python-openvswitch.install
@@ -1 +1 @@
-usr/share/openvswitch/python/ovs usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/
+usr/share/openvswitch/python/ovs usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/
diff --git a/m4/openvswitch.m4 b/m4/openvswitch.m4
index 2b84b44..f89cde0 100644
--- a/m4/openvswitch.m4
+++ b/m4/openvswitch.m4
@@ -249,22 +249,22 @@ dnl Checks for valgrind/valgrind.h.
 AC_DEFUN([OVS_CHECK_VALGRIND],
   [AC_CHECK_HEADERS([valgrind/valgrind.h])])
 
-dnl Checks for Python 2.x, x >= 4.
+dnl Checks for Python 2.x, x >= 7.
 AC_DEFUN([OVS_CHECK_PYTHON],
   [AC_CACHE_CHECK(
-     [for Python 2.x for x >= 4],
+     [for Python 2.x for x >= 7],
      [ovs_cv_python],
      [if test -n "$PYTHON"; then
         ovs_cv_python=$PYTHON
       else
         ovs_cv_python=no
-        for binary in python python2.4 python2.5 python2.7; do
+        for binary in python python2.7; do
           ovs_save_IFS=$IFS; IFS=$PATH_SEPARATOR
           for dir in $PATH; do
             IFS=$ovs_save_IFS
             test -z "$dir" && dir=.
             if test -x "$dir"/"$binary" && "$dir"/"$binary" -c 'import sys
-if sys.hexversion >= 0x02040000 and sys.hexversion < 0x03000000:
+if sys.hexversion >= 0x02070000 and sys.hexversion < 0x03000000:
     sys.exit(0)
 else:
     sys.exit(1)'; then
@@ -297,36 +297,6 @@ AC_DEFUN([OVS_CHECK_DOT],
      fi])
    AM_CONDITIONAL([HAVE_DOT], [test "$ovs_cv_dot" = yes])])
 
-dnl Checks whether $PYTHON supports the module given as $1
-AC_DEFUN([OVS_CHECK_PYTHON_MODULE],
-  [AC_REQUIRE([OVS_CHECK_PYTHON])
-   AC_CACHE_CHECK(
-     [for $1 Python module],
-     [ovs_cv_py_[]AS_TR_SH([$1])],
-     [ovs_cv_py_[]AS_TR_SH([$1])=no
-      if test $HAVE_PYTHON = yes; then
-        AS_ECHO(["running $PYTHON -c 'import $1
-import sys
-sys.exit(0)'..."]) >&AS_MESSAGE_LOG_FD 2>&1
-        if $PYTHON -c 'import $1
-import sys
-sys.exit(0)' >&AS_MESSAGE_LOG_FD 2>&1; then
-          ovs_cv_py_[]AS_TR_SH([$1])=yes
-        fi
-      fi])])
-
-dnl Checks for missing python modules at build time
-AC_DEFUN([OVS_CHECK_PYTHON_COMPAT],
-  [OVS_CHECK_PYTHON_MODULE([uuid])
-   if test $ovs_cv_py_uuid = yes; then
-     INCLUDE_PYTHON_COMPAT=no
-   else
-     INCLUDE_PYTHON_COMPAT=yes
-   fi
-   AC_MSG_CHECKING([whether to add python/compat to PYTHONPATH])
-   AC_MSG_RESULT([$INCLUDE_PYTHON_COMPAT])
-   AM_CONDITIONAL([INCLUDE_PYTHON_COMPAT], [test $INCLUDE_PYTHON_COMPAT = yes])])
-
 dnl Checks for groff.
 AC_DEFUN([OVS_CHECK_GROFF],
   [AC_CACHE_CHECK(
diff --git a/python/compat/argparse.py b/python/compat/argparse.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 6725a9c..0000000
--- a/python/compat/argparse.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2350 +0,0 @@
-# Author: Steven J. Bethard <steven.bethard at gmail.com>.
-
-"""Command-line parsing library
-
-This module is an optparse-inspired command-line parsing library that:
-
-    - handles both optional and positional arguments
-    - produces highly informative usage messages
-    - supports parsers that dispatch to sub-parsers
-
-The following is a simple usage example that sums integers from the
-command-line and writes the result to a file::
-
-    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
-        description='sum the integers at the command line')
-    parser.add_argument(
-        'integers', metavar='int', nargs='+', type=int,
-        help='an integer to be summed')
-    parser.add_argument(
-        '--log', default=sys.stdout, type=argparse.FileType('w'),
-        help='the file where the sum should be written')
-    args = parser.parse_args()
-    args.log.write('%s' % sum(args.integers))
-    args.log.close()
-
-The module contains the following public classes:
-
-    - ArgumentParser -- The main entry point for command-line parsing. As the
-        example above shows, the add_argument() method is used to populate
-        the parser with actions for optional and positional arguments. Then
-        the parse_args() method is invoked to convert the args at the
-        command-line into an object with attributes.
-
-    - ArgumentError -- The exception raised by ArgumentParser objects when
-        there are errors with the parser's actions. Errors raised while
-        parsing the command-line are caught by ArgumentParser and emitted
-        as command-line messages.
-
-    - FileType -- A factory for defining types of files to be created. As the
-        example above shows, instances of FileType are typically passed as
-        the type= argument of add_argument() calls.
-
-    - Action -- The base class for parser actions. Typically actions are
-        selected by passing strings like 'store_true' or 'append_const' to
-        the action= argument of add_argument(). However, for greater
-        customization of ArgumentParser actions, subclasses of Action may
-        be defined and passed as the action= argument.
-
-    - HelpFormatter, RawDescriptionHelpFormatter, RawTextHelpFormatter,
-        ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter -- Formatter classes which
-        may be passed as the formatter_class= argument to the
-        ArgumentParser constructor. HelpFormatter is the default,
-        RawDescriptionHelpFormatter and RawTextHelpFormatter tell the parser
-        not to change the formatting for help text, and
-        ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter adds information about argument defaults
-        to the help.
-
-All other classes in this module are considered implementation details.
-(Also note that HelpFormatter and RawDescriptionHelpFormatter are only
-considered public as object names -- the API of the formatter objects is
-still considered an implementation detail.)
-"""
-
-__version__ = '1.1'
-__all__ = [
-    'ArgumentParser',
-    'ArgumentError',
-    'ArgumentTypeError',
-    'FileType',
-    'HelpFormatter',
-    'ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter',
-    'RawDescriptionHelpFormatter',
-    'RawTextHelpFormatter',
-    'Namespace',
-    'Action',
-    'ONE_OR_MORE',
-    'OPTIONAL',
-    'PARSER',
-    'REMAINDER',
-    'SUPPRESS',
-    'ZERO_OR_MORE',
-]
-
-
-import collections as _collections
-import copy as _copy
-import os as _os
-import re as _re
-import sys as _sys
-import textwrap as _textwrap
-
-from gettext import gettext as _
-
-
-def _callable(obj):
-    return hasattr(obj, '__call__') or hasattr(obj, '__bases__')
-
-
-SUPPRESS = '==SUPPRESS=='
-
-OPTIONAL = '?'
-ZERO_OR_MORE = '*'
-ONE_OR_MORE = '+'
-PARSER = 'A...'
-REMAINDER = '...'
-_UNRECOGNIZED_ARGS_ATTR = '_unrecognized_args'
-
-# =============================
-# Utility functions and classes
-# =============================
-
-class _AttributeHolder(object):
-    """Abstract base class that provides __repr__.
-
-    The __repr__ method returns a string in the format::
-        ClassName(attr=name, attr=name, ...)
-    The attributes are determined either by a class-level attribute,
-    '_kwarg_names', or by inspecting the instance __dict__.
-    """
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        type_name = type(self).__name__
-        arg_strings = []
-        for arg in self._get_args():
-            arg_strings.append(repr(arg))
-        for name, value in self._get_kwargs():
-            arg_strings.append('%s=%r' % (name, value))
-        return '%s(%s)' % (type_name, ', '.join(arg_strings))
-
-    def _get_kwargs(self):
-        return sorted(self.__dict__.items())
-
-    def _get_args(self):
-        return []
-
-
-def _ensure_value(namespace, name, value):
-    if getattr(namespace, name, None) is None:
-        setattr(namespace, name, value)
-    return getattr(namespace, name)
-
-
-# ===============
-# Formatting Help
-# ===============
-
-class HelpFormatter(object):
-    """Formatter for generating usage messages and argument help strings.
-
-    Only the name of this class is considered a public API. All the methods
-    provided by the class are considered an implementation detail.
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self,
-                 prog,
-                 indent_increment=2,
-                 max_help_position=24,
-                 width=None):
-
-        # default setting for width
-        if width is None:
-            try:
-                width = int(_os.environ['COLUMNS'])
-            except (KeyError, ValueError):
-                width = 80
-            width -= 2
-
-        self._prog = prog
-        self._indent_increment = indent_increment
-        self._max_help_position = max_help_position
-        self._width = width
-
-        self._current_indent = 0
-        self._level = 0
-        self._action_max_length = 0
-
-        self._root_section = self._Section(self, None)
-        self._current_section = self._root_section
-
-        self._whitespace_matcher = _re.compile(r'\s+')
-        self._long_break_matcher = _re.compile(r'\n\n\n+')
-
-    # ===============================
-    # Section and indentation methods
-    # ===============================
-    def _indent(self):
-        self._current_indent += self._indent_increment
-        self._level += 1
-
-    def _dedent(self):
-        self._current_indent -= self._indent_increment
-        assert self._current_indent >= 0, 'Indent decreased below 0.'
-        self._level -= 1
-
-    class _Section(object):
-
-        def __init__(self, formatter, parent, heading=None):
-            self.formatter = formatter
-            self.parent = parent
-            self.heading = heading
-            self.items = []
-
-        def format_help(self):
-            # format the indented section
-            if self.parent is not None:
-                self.formatter._indent()
-            join = self.formatter._join_parts
-            for func, args in self.items:
-                func(*args)
-            item_help = join([func(*args) for func, args in self.items])
-            if self.parent is not None:
-                self.formatter._dedent()
-
-            # return nothing if the section was empty
-            if not item_help:
-                return ''
-
-            # add the heading if the section was non-empty
-            if self.heading is not SUPPRESS and self.heading is not None:
-                current_indent = self.formatter._current_indent
-                heading = '%*s%s:\n' % (current_indent, '', self.heading)
-            else:
-                heading = ''
-
-            # join the section-initial newline, the heading and the help
-            return join(['\n', heading, item_help, '\n'])
-
-    def _add_item(self, func, args):
-        self._current_section.items.append((func, args))
-
-    # ========================
-    # Message building methods
-    # ========================
-    def start_section(self, heading):
-        self._indent()
-        section = self._Section(self, self._current_section, heading)
-        self._add_item(section.format_help, [])
-        self._current_section = section
-
-    def end_section(self):
-        self._current_section = self._current_section.parent
-        self._dedent()
-
-    def add_text(self, text):
-        if text is not SUPPRESS and text is not None:
-            self._add_item(self._format_text, [text])
-
-    def add_usage(self, usage, actions, groups, prefix=None):
-        if usage is not SUPPRESS:
-            args = usage, actions, groups, prefix
-            self._add_item(self._format_usage, args)
-
-    def add_argument(self, action):
-        if action.help is not SUPPRESS:
-
-            # find all invocations
-            get_invocation = self._format_action_invocation
-            invocations = [get_invocation(action)]
-            for subaction in self._iter_indented_subactions(action):
-                invocations.append(get_invocation(subaction))
-
-            # update the maximum item length
-            invocation_length = max([len(s) for s in invocations])
-            action_length = invocation_length + self._current_indent
-            self._action_max_length = max(self._action_max_length,
-                                          action_length)
-
-            # add the item to the list
-            self._add_item(self._format_action, [action])
-
-    def add_arguments(self, actions):
-        for action in actions:
-            self.add_argument(action)
-
-    # =======================
-    # Help-formatting methods
-    # =======================
-    def format_help(self):
-        help = self._root_section.format_help()
-        if help:
-            help = self._long_break_matcher.sub('\n\n', help)
-            help = help.strip('\n') + '\n'
-        return help
-
-    def _join_parts(self, part_strings):
-        return ''.join([part
-                        for part in part_strings
-                        if part and part is not SUPPRESS])
-
-    def _format_usage(self, usage, actions, groups, prefix):
-        if prefix is None:
-            prefix = _('usage: ')
-
-        # if usage is specified, use that
-        if usage is not None:
-            usage = usage % dict(prog=self._prog)
-
-        # if no optionals or positionals are available, usage is just prog
-        elif usage is None and not actions:
-            usage = '%(prog)s' % dict(prog=self._prog)
-
-        # if optionals and positionals are available, calculate usage
-        elif usage is None:
-            prog = '%(prog)s' % dict(prog=self._prog)
-
-            # split optionals from positionals
-            optionals = []
-            positionals = []
-            for action in actions:
-                if action.option_strings:
-                    optionals.append(action)
-                else:
-                    positionals.append(action)
-
-            # build full usage string
-            format = self._format_actions_usage
-            action_usage = format(optionals + positionals, groups)
-            usage = ' '.join([s for s in [prog, action_usage] if s])
-
-            # wrap the usage parts if it's too long
-            text_width = self._width - self._current_indent
-            if len(prefix) + len(usage) > text_width:
-
-                # break usage into wrappable parts
-                part_regexp = r'\(.*?\)+|\[.*?\]+|\S+'
-                opt_usage = format(optionals, groups)
-                pos_usage = format(positionals, groups)
-                opt_parts = _re.findall(part_regexp, opt_usage)
-                pos_parts = _re.findall(part_regexp, pos_usage)
-                assert ' '.join(opt_parts) == opt_usage
-                assert ' '.join(pos_parts) == pos_usage
-
-                # helper for wrapping lines
-                def get_lines(parts, indent, prefix=None):
-                    lines = []
-                    line = []
-                    if prefix is not None:
-                        line_len = len(prefix) - 1
-                    else:
-                        line_len = len(indent) - 1
-                    for part in parts:
-                        if line_len + 1 + len(part) > text_width:
-                            lines.append(indent + ' '.join(line))
-                            line = []
-                            line_len = len(indent) - 1
-                        line.append(part)
-                        line_len += len(part) + 1
-                    if line:
-                        lines.append(indent + ' '.join(line))
-                    if prefix is not None:
-                        lines[0] = lines[0][len(indent):]
-                    return lines
-
-                # if prog is short, follow it with optionals or positionals
-                if len(prefix) + len(prog) <= 0.75 * text_width:
-                    indent = ' ' * (len(prefix) + len(prog) + 1)
-                    if opt_parts:
-                        lines = get_lines([prog] + opt_parts, indent, prefix)
-                        lines.extend(get_lines(pos_parts, indent))
-                    elif pos_parts:
-                        lines = get_lines([prog] + pos_parts, indent, prefix)
-                    else:
-                        lines = [prog]
-
-                # if prog is long, put it on its own line
-                else:
-                    indent = ' ' * len(prefix)
-                    parts = opt_parts + pos_parts
-                    lines = get_lines(parts, indent)
-                    if len(lines) > 1:
-                        lines = []
-                        lines.extend(get_lines(opt_parts, indent))
-                        lines.extend(get_lines(pos_parts, indent))
-                    lines = [prog] + lines
-
-                # join lines into usage
-                usage = '\n'.join(lines)
-
-        # prefix with 'usage:'
-        return '%s%s\n\n' % (prefix, usage)
-
-    def _format_actions_usage(self, actions, groups):
-        # find group indices and identify actions in groups
-        group_actions = set()
-        inserts = {}
-        for group in groups:
-            try:
-                start = actions.index(group._group_actions[0])
-            except ValueError:
-                continue
-            else:
-                end = start + len(group._group_actions)
-                if actions[start:end] == group._group_actions:
-                    for action in group._group_actions:
-                        group_actions.add(action)
-                    if not group.required:
-                        if start in inserts:
-                            inserts[start] += ' ['
-                        else:
-                            inserts[start] = '['
-                        inserts[end] = ']'
-                    else:
-                        if start in inserts:
-                            inserts[start] += ' ('
-                        else:
-                            inserts[start] = '('
-                        inserts[end] = ')'
-                    for i in range(start + 1, end):
-                        inserts[i] = '|'
-
-        # collect all actions format strings
-        parts = []
-        for i, action in enumerate(actions):
-
-            # suppressed arguments are marked with None
-            # remove | separators for suppressed arguments
-            if action.help is SUPPRESS:
-                parts.append(None)
-                if inserts.get(i) == '|':
-                    inserts.pop(i)
-                elif inserts.get(i + 1) == '|':
-                    inserts.pop(i + 1)
-
-            # produce all arg strings
-            elif not action.option_strings:
-                part = self._format_args(action, action.dest)
-
-                # if it's in a group, strip the outer []
-                if action in group_actions:
-                    if part[0] == '[' and part[-1] == ']':
-                        part = part[1:-1]
-
-                # add the action string to the list
-                parts.append(part)
-
-            # produce the first way to invoke the option in brackets
-            else:
-                option_string = action.option_strings[0]
-
-                # if the Optional doesn't take a value, format is:
-                #    -s or --long
-                if action.nargs == 0:
-                    part = '%s' % option_string
-
-                # if the Optional takes a value, format is:
-                #    -s ARGS or --long ARGS
-                else:
-                    default = action.dest.upper()
-                    args_string = self._format_args(action, default)
-                    part = '%s %s' % (option_string, args_string)
-
-                # make it look optional if it's not required or in a group
-                if not action.required and action not in group_actions:
-                    part = '[%s]' % part
-
-                # add the action string to the list
-                parts.append(part)
-
-        # insert things at the necessary indices
-        for i in sorted(inserts, reverse=True):
-            parts[i:i] = [inserts[i]]
-
-        # join all the action items with spaces
-        text = ' '.join([item for item in parts if item is not None])
-
-        # clean up separators for mutually exclusive groups
-        open = r'[\[(]'
-        close = r'[\])]'
-        text = _re.sub(r'(%s) ' % open, r'\1', text)
-        text = _re.sub(r' (%s)' % close, r'\1', text)
-        text = _re.sub(r'%s *%s' % (open, close), r'', text)
-        text = _re.sub(r'\(([^|]*)\)', r'\1', text)
-        text = text.strip()
-
-        # return the text
-        return text
-
-    def _format_text(self, text):
-        if '%(prog)' in text:
-            text = text % dict(prog=self._prog)
-        text_width = self._width - self._current_indent
-        indent = ' ' * self._current_indent
-        return self._fill_text(text, text_width, indent) + '\n\n'
-
-    def _format_action(self, action):
-        # determine the required width and the entry label
-        help_position = min(self._action_max_length + 2,
-                            self._max_help_position)
-        help_width = self._width - help_position
-        action_width = help_position - self._current_indent - 2
-        action_header = self._format_action_invocation(action)
-
-        # ho nelp; start on same line and add a final newline
-        if not action.help:
-            tup = self._current_indent, '', action_header
-            action_header = '%*s%s\n' % tup
-
-        # short action name; start on the same line and pad two spaces
-        elif len(action_header) <= action_width:
-            tup = self._current_indent, '', action_width, action_header
-            action_header = '%*s%-*s  ' % tup
-            indent_first = 0
-
-        # long action name; start on the next line
-        else:
-            tup = self._current_indent, '', action_header
-            action_header = '%*s%s\n' % tup
-            indent_first = help_position
-
-        # collect the pieces of the action help
-        parts = [action_header]
-
-        # if there was help for the action, add lines of help text
-        if action.help:
-            help_text = self._expand_help(action)
-            help_lines = self._split_lines(help_text, help_width)
-            parts.append('%*s%s\n' % (indent_first, '', help_lines[0]))
-            for line in help_lines[1:]:
-                parts.append('%*s%s\n' % (help_position, '', line))
-
-        # or add a newline if the description doesn't end with one
-        elif not action_header.endswith('\n'):
-            parts.append('\n')
-
-        # if there are any sub-actions, add their help as well
-        for subaction in self._iter_indented_subactions(action):
-            parts.append(self._format_action(subaction))
-
-        # return a single string
-        return self._join_parts(parts)
-
-    def _format_action_invocation(self, action):
-        if not action.option_strings:
-            metavar, = self._metavar_formatter(action, action.dest)(1)
-            return metavar
-
-        else:
-            parts = []
-
-            # if the Optional doesn't take a value, format is:
-            #    -s, --long
-            if action.nargs == 0:
-                parts.extend(action.option_strings)
-
-            # if the Optional takes a value, format is:
-            #    -s ARGS, --long ARGS
-            else:
-                default = action.dest.upper()
-                args_string = self._format_args(action, default)
-                for option_string in action.option_strings:
-                    parts.append('%s %s' % (option_string, args_string))
-
-            return ', '.join(parts)
-
-    def _metavar_formatter(self, action, default_metavar):
-        if action.metavar is not None:
-            result = action.metavar
-        elif action.choices is not None:
-            choice_strs = [str(choice) for choice in action.choices]
-            result = '{%s}' % ','.join(choice_strs)
-        else:
-            result = default_metavar
-
-        def format(tuple_size):
-            if isinstance(result, tuple):
-                return result
-            else:
-                return (result, ) * tuple_size
-        return format
-
-    def _format_args(self, action, default_metavar):
-        get_metavar = self._metavar_formatter(action, default_metavar)
-        if action.nargs is None:
-            result = '%s' % get_metavar(1)
-        elif action.nargs == OPTIONAL:
-            result = '[%s]' % get_metavar(1)
-        elif action.nargs == ZERO_OR_MORE:
-            result = '[%s [%s ...]]' % get_metavar(2)
-        elif action.nargs == ONE_OR_MORE:
-            result = '%s [%s ...]' % get_metavar(2)
-        elif action.nargs == REMAINDER:
-            result = '...'
-        elif action.nargs == PARSER:
-            result = '%s ...' % get_metavar(1)
-        else:
-            formats = ['%s' for _ in range(action.nargs)]
-            result = ' '.join(formats) % get_metavar(action.nargs)
-        return result
-
-    def _expand_help(self, action):
-        params = dict(vars(action), prog=self._prog)
-        for name in list(params):
-            if params[name] is SUPPRESS:
-                del params[name]
-        for name in list(params):
-            if hasattr(params[name], '__name__'):
-                params[name] = params[name].__name__
-        if params.get('choices') is not None:
-            choices_str = ', '.join([str(c) for c in params['choices']])
-            params['choices'] = choices_str
-        return self._get_help_string(action) % params
-
-    def _iter_indented_subactions(self, action):
-        try:
-            get_subactions = action._get_subactions
-        except AttributeError:
-            pass
-        else:
-            self._indent()
-            for subaction in get_subactions():
-                yield subaction
-            self._dedent()
-
-    def _split_lines(self, text, width):
-        text = self._whitespace_matcher.sub(' ', text).strip()
-        return _textwrap.wrap(text, width)
-
-    def _fill_text(self, text, width, indent):
-        text = self._whitespace_matcher.sub(' ', text).strip()
-        return _textwrap.fill(text, width, initial_indent=indent,
-                                           subsequent_indent=indent)
-
-    def _get_help_string(self, action):
-        return action.help
-
-
-class RawDescriptionHelpFormatter(HelpFormatter):
-    """Help message formatter which retains any formatting in descriptions.
-
-    Only the name of this class is considered a public API. All the methods
-    provided by the class are considered an implementation detail.
-    """
-
-    def _fill_text(self, text, width, indent):
-        return ''.join([indent + line for line in text.splitlines(True)])
-
-
-class RawTextHelpFormatter(RawDescriptionHelpFormatter):
-    """Help message formatter which retains formatting of all help text.
-
-    Only the name of this class is considered a public API. All the methods
-    provided by the class are considered an implementation detail.
-    """
-
-    def _split_lines(self, text, width):
-        return text.splitlines()
-
-
-class ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter(HelpFormatter):
-    """Help message formatter which adds default values to argument help.
-
-    Only the name of this class is considered a public API. All the methods
-    provided by the class are considered an implementation detail.
-    """
-
-    def _get_help_string(self, action):
-        help = action.help
-        if '%(default)' not in action.help:
-            if action.default is not SUPPRESS:
-                defaulting_nargs = [OPTIONAL, ZERO_OR_MORE]
-                if action.option_strings or action.nargs in defaulting_nargs:
-                    help += ' (default: %(default)s)'
-        return help
-
-
-# =====================
-# Options and Arguments
-# =====================
-
-def _get_action_name(argument):
-    if argument is None:
-        return None
-    elif argument.option_strings:
-        return  '/'.join(argument.option_strings)
-    elif argument.metavar not in (None, SUPPRESS):
-        return argument.metavar
-    elif argument.dest not in (None, SUPPRESS):
-        return argument.dest
-    else:
-        return None
-
-
-class ArgumentError(Exception):
-    """An error from creating or using an argument (optional or positional).
-
-    The string value of this exception is the message, augmented with
-    information about the argument that caused it.
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, argument, message):
-        self.argument_name = _get_action_name(argument)
-        self.message = message
-
-    def __str__(self):
-        if self.argument_name is None:
-            format = '%(message)s'
-        else:
-            format = 'argument %(argument_name)s: %(message)s'
-        return format % dict(message=self.message,
-                             argument_name=self.argument_name)
-
-
-class ArgumentTypeError(Exception):
-    """An error from trying to convert a command line string to a type."""
-    pass
-
-
-# ==============
-# Action classes
-# ==============
-
-class Action(_AttributeHolder):
-    """Information about how to convert command line strings to Python objects.
-
-    Action objects are used by an ArgumentParser to represent the information
-    needed to parse a single argument from one or more strings from the
-    command line. The keyword arguments to the Action constructor are also
-    all attributes of Action instances.
-
-    Keyword Arguments:
-
-        - option_strings -- A list of command-line option strings which
-            should be associated with this action.
-
-        - dest -- The name of the attribute to hold the created object(s)
-
-        - nargs -- The number of command-line arguments that should be
-            consumed. By default, one argument will be consumed and a single
-            value will be produced.  Other values include:
-                - N (an integer) consumes N arguments (and produces a list)
-                - '?' consumes zero or one arguments
-                - '*' consumes zero or more arguments (and produces a list)
-                - '+' consumes one or more arguments (and produces a list)
-            Note that the difference between the default and nargs=1 is that
-            with the default, a single value will be produced, while with
-            nargs=1, a list containing a single value will be produced.
-
-        - const -- The value to be produced if the option is specified and the
-            option uses an action that takes no values.
-
-        - default -- The value to be produced if the option is not specified.
-
-        - type -- The type which the command-line arguments should be converted
-            to, should be one of 'string', 'int', 'float', 'complex' or a
-            callable object that accepts a single string argument. If None,
-            'string' is assumed.
-
-        - choices -- A container of values that should be allowed. If not None,
-            after a command-line argument has been converted to the appropriate
-            type, an exception will be raised if it is not a member of this
-            collection.
-
-        - required -- True if the action must always be specified at the
-            command line. This is only meaningful for optional command-line
-            arguments.
-
-        - help -- The help string describing the argument.
-
-        - metavar -- The name to be used for the option's argument with the
-            help string. If None, the 'dest' value will be used as the name.
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self,
-                 option_strings,
-                 dest,
-                 nargs=None,
-                 const=None,
-                 default=None,
-                 type=None,
-                 choices=None,
-                 required=False,
-                 help=None,
-                 metavar=None):
-        self.option_strings = option_strings
-        self.dest = dest
-        self.nargs = nargs
-        self.const = const
-        self.default = default
-        self.type = type
-        self.choices = choices
-        self.required = required
-        self.help = help
-        self.metavar = metavar
-
-    def _get_kwargs(self):
-        names = [
-            'option_strings',
-            'dest',
-            'nargs',
-            'const',
-            'default',
-            'type',
-            'choices',
-            'help',
-            'metavar',
-        ]
-        return [(name, getattr(self, name)) for name in names]
-
-    def __call__(self, parser, namespace, values, option_string=None):
-        raise NotImplementedError(_('.__call__() not defined'))
-
-
-class _StoreAction(Action):
-
-    def __init__(self,
-                 option_strings,
-                 dest,
-                 nargs=None,
-                 const=None,
-                 default=None,
-                 type=None,
-                 choices=None,
-                 required=False,
-                 help=None,
-                 metavar=None):
-        if nargs == 0:
-            raise ValueError('nargs for store actions must be > 0; if you '
-                             'have nothing to store, actions such as store '
-                             'true or store const may be more appropriate')
-        if const is not None and nargs != OPTIONAL:
-            raise ValueError('nargs must be %r to supply const' % OPTIONAL)
-        super(_StoreAction, self).__init__(
-            option_strings=option_strings,
-            dest=dest,
-            nargs=nargs,
-            const=const,
-            default=default,
-            type=type,
-            choices=choices,
-            required=required,
-            help=help,
-            metavar=metavar)
-
-    def __call__(self, parser, namespace, values, option_string=None):
-        setattr(namespace, self.dest, values)
-
-
-class _StoreConstAction(Action):
-
-    def __init__(self,
-                 option_strings,
-                 dest,
-                 const,
-                 default=None,
-                 required=False,
-                 help=None,
-                 metavar=None):
-        super(_StoreConstAction, self).__init__(
-            option_strings=option_strings,
-            dest=dest,
-            nargs=0,
-            const=const,
-            default=default,
-            required=required,
-            help=help)
-
-    def __call__(self, parser, namespace, values, option_string=None):
-        setattr(namespace, self.dest, self.const)
-
-
-class _StoreTrueAction(_StoreConstAction):
-
-    def __init__(self,
-                 option_strings,
-                 dest,
-                 default=False,
-                 required=False,
-                 help=None):
-        super(_StoreTrueAction, self).__init__(
-            option_strings=option_strings,
-            dest=dest,
-            const=True,
-            default=default,
-            required=required,
-            help=help)
-
-
-class _StoreFalseAction(_StoreConstAction):
-
-    def __init__(self,
-                 option_strings,
-                 dest,
-                 default=True,
-                 required=False,
-                 help=None):
-        super(_StoreFalseAction, self).__init__(
-            option_strings=option_strings,
-            dest=dest,
-            const=False,
-            default=default,
-            required=required,
-            help=help)
-
-
-class _AppendAction(Action):
-
-    def __init__(self,
-                 option_strings,
-                 dest,
-                 nargs=None,
-                 const=None,
-                 default=None,
-                 type=None,
-                 choices=None,
-                 required=False,
-                 help=None,
-                 metavar=None):
-        if nargs == 0:
-            raise ValueError('nargs for append actions must be > 0; if arg '
-                             'strings are not supplying the value to append, '
-                             'the append const action may be more appropriate')
-        if const is not None and nargs != OPTIONAL:
-            raise ValueError('nargs must be %r to supply const' % OPTIONAL)
-        super(_AppendAction, self).__init__(
-            option_strings=option_strings,
-            dest=dest,
-            nargs=nargs,
-            const=const,
-            default=default,
-            type=type,
-            choices=choices,
-            required=required,
-            help=help,
-            metavar=metavar)
-
-    def __call__(self, parser, namespace, values, option_string=None):
-        items = _copy.copy(_ensure_value(namespace, self.dest, []))
-        items.append(values)
-        setattr(namespace, self.dest, items)
-
-
-class _AppendConstAction(Action):
-
-    def __init__(self,
-                 option_strings,
-                 dest,
-                 const,
-                 default=None,
-                 required=False,
-                 help=None,
-                 metavar=None):
-        super(_AppendConstAction, self).__init__(
-            option_strings=option_strings,
-            dest=dest,
-            nargs=0,
-            const=const,
-            default=default,
-            required=required,
-            help=help,
-            metavar=metavar)
-
-    def __call__(self, parser, namespace, values, option_string=None):
-        items = _copy.copy(_ensure_value(namespace, self.dest, []))
-        items.append(self.const)
-        setattr(namespace, self.dest, items)
-
-
-class _CountAction(Action):
-
-    def __init__(self,
-                 option_strings,
-                 dest,
-                 default=None,
-                 required=False,
-                 help=None):
-        super(_CountAction, self).__init__(
-            option_strings=option_strings,
-            dest=dest,
-            nargs=0,
-            default=default,
-            required=required,
-            help=help)
-
-    def __call__(self, parser, namespace, values, option_string=None):
-        new_count = _ensure_value(namespace, self.dest, 0) + 1
-        setattr(namespace, self.dest, new_count)
-
-
-class _HelpAction(Action):
-
-    def __init__(self,
-                 option_strings,
-                 dest=SUPPRESS,
-                 default=SUPPRESS,
-                 help=None):
-        super(_HelpAction, self).__init__(
-            option_strings=option_strings,
-            dest=dest,
-            default=default,
-            nargs=0,
-            help=help)
-
-    def __call__(self, parser, namespace, values, option_string=None):
-        parser.print_help()
-        parser.exit()
-
-
-class _VersionAction(Action):
-
-    def __init__(self,
-                 option_strings,
-                 version=None,
-                 dest=SUPPRESS,
-                 default=SUPPRESS,
-                 help="show program's version number and exit"):
-        super(_VersionAction, self).__init__(
-            option_strings=option_strings,
-            dest=dest,
-            default=default,
-            nargs=0,
-            help=help)
-        self.version = version
-
-    def __call__(self, parser, namespace, values, option_string=None):
-        version = self.version
-        if version is None:
-            version = parser.version
-        formatter = parser._get_formatter()
-        formatter.add_text(version)
-        parser.exit(message=formatter.format_help())
-
-
-class _SubParsersAction(Action):
-
-    class _ChoicesPseudoAction(Action):
-
-        def __init__(self, name, help):
-            sup = super(_SubParsersAction._ChoicesPseudoAction, self)
-            sup.__init__(option_strings=[], dest=name, help=help)
-
-    def __init__(self,
-                 option_strings,
-                 prog,
-                 parser_class,
-                 dest=SUPPRESS,
-                 help=None,
-                 metavar=None):
-
-        self._prog_prefix = prog
-        self._parser_class = parser_class
-        self._name_parser_map = _collections.OrderedDict()
-        self._choices_actions = []
-
-        super(_SubParsersAction, self).__init__(
-            option_strings=option_strings,
-            dest=dest,
-            nargs=PARSER,
-            choices=self._name_parser_map,
-            help=help,
-            metavar=metavar)
-
-    def add_parser(self, name, **kwargs):
-        # set prog from the existing prefix
-        if kwargs.get('prog') is None:
-            kwargs['prog'] = '%s %s' % (self._prog_prefix, name)
-
-        # create a pseudo-action to hold the choice help
-        if 'help' in kwargs:
-            help = kwargs.pop('help')
-            choice_action = self._ChoicesPseudoAction(name, help)
-            self._choices_actions.append(choice_action)
-
-        # create the parser and add it to the map
-        parser = self._parser_class(**kwargs)
-        self._name_parser_map[name] = parser
-        return parser
-
-    def _get_subactions(self):
-        return self._choices_actions
-
-    def __call__(self, parser, namespace, values, option_string=None):
-        parser_name = values[0]
-        arg_strings = values[1:]
-
-        # set the parser name if requested
-        if self.dest is not SUPPRESS:
-            setattr(namespace, self.dest, parser_name)
-
-        # select the parser
-        try:
-            parser = self._name_parser_map[parser_name]
-        except KeyError:
-            tup = parser_name, ', '.join(self._name_parser_map)
-            msg = _('unknown parser %r (choices: %s)') % tup
-            raise ArgumentError(self, msg)
-
-        # parse all the remaining options into the namespace
-        # store any unrecognized options on the object, so that the top
-        # level parser can decide what to do with them
-        namespace, arg_strings = parser.parse_known_args(arg_strings, namespace)
-        if arg_strings:
-            vars(namespace).setdefault(_UNRECOGNIZED_ARGS_ATTR, [])
-            getattr(namespace, _UNRECOGNIZED_ARGS_ATTR).extend(arg_strings)
-
-
-# ==============
-# Type classes
-# ==============
-
-class FileType(object):
-    """Factory for creating file object types
-
-    Instances of FileType are typically passed as type= arguments to the
-    ArgumentParser add_argument() method.
-
-    Keyword Arguments:
-        - mode -- A string indicating how the file is to be opened. Accepts the
-            same values as the builtin open() function.
-        - bufsize -- The file's desired buffer size. Accepts the same values as
-            the builtin open() function.
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, mode='r', bufsize=-1):
-        self._mode = mode
-        self._bufsize = bufsize
-
-    def __call__(self, string):
-        # the special argument "-" means sys.std{in,out}
-        if string == '-':
-            if 'r' in self._mode:
-                return _sys.stdin
-            elif 'w' in self._mode:
-                return _sys.stdout
-            else:
-                msg = _('argument "-" with mode %r') % self._mode
-                raise ValueError(msg)
-
-        # all other arguments are used as file names
-        try:
-            return open(string, self._mode, self._bufsize)
-        except IOError, e:
-            message = _("can't open '%s': %s")
-            raise ArgumentTypeError(message % (string, e))
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        args = self._mode, self._bufsize
-        args_str = ', '.join(repr(arg) for arg in args if arg != -1)
-        return '%s(%s)' % (type(self).__name__, args_str)
-
-# ===========================
-# Optional and Positional Parsing
-# ===========================
-
-class Namespace(_AttributeHolder):
-    """Simple object for storing attributes.
-
-    Implements equality by attribute names and values, and provides a simple
-    string representation.
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
-        for name in kwargs:
-            setattr(self, name, kwargs[name])
-
-    __hash__ = None
-
-    def __eq__(self, other):
-        return vars(self) == vars(other)
-
-    def __ne__(self, other):
-        return not (self == other)
-
-    def __contains__(self, key):
-        return key in self.__dict__
-
-
-class _ActionsContainer(object):
-
-    def __init__(self,
-                 description,
-                 prefix_chars,
-                 argument_default,
-                 conflict_handler):
-        super(_ActionsContainer, self).__init__()
-
-        self.description = description
-        self.argument_default = argument_default
-        self.prefix_chars = prefix_chars
-        self.conflict_handler = conflict_handler
-
-        # set up registries
-        self._registries = {}
-
-        # register actions
-        self.register('action', None, _StoreAction)
-        self.register('action', 'store', _StoreAction)
-        self.register('action', 'store_const', _StoreConstAction)
-        self.register('action', 'store_true', _StoreTrueAction)
-        self.register('action', 'store_false', _StoreFalseAction)
-        self.register('action', 'append', _AppendAction)
-        self.register('action', 'append_const', _AppendConstAction)
-        self.register('action', 'count', _CountAction)
-        self.register('action', 'help', _HelpAction)
-        self.register('action', 'version', _VersionAction)
-        self.register('action', 'parsers', _SubParsersAction)
-
-        # raise an exception if the conflict handler is invalid
-        self._get_handler()
-
-        # action storage
-        self._actions = []
-        self._option_string_actions = {}
-
-        # groups
-        self._action_groups = []
-        self._mutually_exclusive_groups = []
-
-        # defaults storage
-        self._defaults = {}
-
-        # determines whether an "option" looks like a negative number
-        self._negative_number_matcher = _re.compile(r'^-\d+$|^-\d*\.\d+$')
-
-        # whether or not there are any optionals that look like negative
-        # numbers -- uses a list so it can be shared and edited
-        self._has_negative_number_optionals = []
-
-    # ====================
-    # Registration methods
-    # ====================
-    def register(self, registry_name, value, object):
-        registry = self._registries.setdefault(registry_name, {})
-        registry[value] = object
-
-    def _registry_get(self, registry_name, value, default=None):
-        return self._registries[registry_name].get(value, default)
-
-    # ==================================
-    # Namespace default accessor methods
-    # ==================================
-    def set_defaults(self, **kwargs):
-        self._defaults.update(kwargs)
-
-        # if these defaults match any existing arguments, replace
-        # the previous default on the object with the new one
-        for action in self._actions:
-            if action.dest in kwargs:
-                action.default = kwargs[action.dest]
-
-    def get_default(self, dest):
-        for action in self._actions:
-            if action.dest == dest and action.default is not None:
-                return action.default
-        return self._defaults.get(dest, None)
-
-
-    # =======================
-    # Adding argument actions
-    # =======================
-    def add_argument(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        """
-        add_argument(dest, ..., name=value, ...)
-        add_argument(option_string, option_string, ..., name=value, ...)
-        """
-
-        # if no positional args are supplied or only one is supplied and
-        # it doesn't look like an option string, parse a positional
-        # argument
-        chars = self.prefix_chars
-        if not args or len(args) == 1 and args[0][0] not in chars:
-            if args and 'dest' in kwargs:
-                raise ValueError('dest supplied twice for positional argument')
-            kwargs = self._get_positional_kwargs(*args, **kwargs)
-
-        # otherwise, we're adding an optional argument
-        else:
-            kwargs = self._get_optional_kwargs(*args, **kwargs)
-
-        # if no default was supplied, use the parser-level default
-        if 'default' not in kwargs:
-            dest = kwargs['dest']
-            if dest in self._defaults:
-                kwargs['default'] = self._defaults[dest]
-            elif self.argument_default is not None:
-                kwargs['default'] = self.argument_default
-
-        # create the action object, and add it to the parser
-        action_class = self._pop_action_class(kwargs)
-        if not _callable(action_class):
-            raise ValueError('unknown action "%s"' % (action_class,))
-        action = action_class(**kwargs)
-
-        # raise an error if the action type is not callable
-        type_func = self._registry_get('type', action.type, action.type)
-        if not _callable(type_func):
-            raise ValueError('%r is not callable' % (type_func,))
-
-        # raise an error if the metavar does not match the type
-        if hasattr(self, "_get_formatter"):
-            try:
-                self._get_formatter()._format_args(action, None)
-            except TypeError:
-                raise ValueError("length of metavar tuple does not match nargs")
-
-        return self._add_action(action)
-
-    def add_argument_group(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        group = _ArgumentGroup(self, *args, **kwargs)
-        self._action_groups.append(group)
-        return group
-
-    def add_mutually_exclusive_group(self, **kwargs):
-        group = _MutuallyExclusiveGroup(self, **kwargs)
-        self._mutually_exclusive_groups.append(group)
-        return group
-
-    def _add_action(self, action):
-        # resolve any conflicts
-        self._check_conflict(action)
-
-        # add to actions list
-        self._actions.append(action)
-        action.container = self
-
-        # index the action by any option strings it has
-        for option_string in action.option_strings:
-            self._option_string_actions[option_string] = action
-
-        # set the flag if any option strings look like negative numbers
-        for option_string in action.option_strings:
-            if self._negative_number_matcher.match(option_string):
-                if not self._has_negative_number_optionals:
-                    self._has_negative_number_optionals.append(True)
-
-        # return the created action
-        return action
-
-    def _remove_action(self, action):
-        self._actions.remove(action)
-
-    def _add_container_actions(self, container):
-        # collect groups by titles
-        title_group_map = {}
-        for group in self._action_groups:
-            if group.title in title_group_map:
-                msg = _('cannot merge actions - two groups are named %r')
-                raise ValueError(msg % (group.title))
-            title_group_map[group.title] = group
-
-        # map each action to its group
-        group_map = {}
-        for group in container._action_groups:
-
-            # if a group with the title exists, use that, otherwise
-            # create a new group matching the container's group
-            if group.title not in title_group_map:
-                title_group_map[group.title] = self.add_argument_group(
-                    title=group.title,
-                    description=group.description,
-                    conflict_handler=group.conflict_handler)
-
-            # map the actions to their new group
-            for action in group._group_actions:
-                group_map[action] = title_group_map[group.title]
-
-        # add container's mutually exclusive groups
-        # NOTE: if add_mutually_exclusive_group ever gains title= and
-        # description= then this code will need to be expanded as above
-        for group in container._mutually_exclusive_groups:
-            mutex_group = self.add_mutually_exclusive_group(
-                required=group.required)
-
-            # map the actions to their new mutex group
-            for action in group._group_actions:
-                group_map[action] = mutex_group
-
-        # add all actions to this container or their group
-        for action in container._actions:
-            group_map.get(action, self)._add_action(action)
-
-    def _get_positional_kwargs(self, dest, **kwargs):
-        # make sure required is not specified
-        if 'required' in kwargs:
-            msg = _("'required' is an invalid argument for positionals")
-            raise TypeError(msg)
-
-        # mark positional arguments as required if at least one is
-        # always required
-        if kwargs.get('nargs') not in [OPTIONAL, ZERO_OR_MORE]:
-            kwargs['required'] = True
-        if kwargs.get('nargs') == ZERO_OR_MORE and 'default' not in kwargs:
-            kwargs['required'] = True
-
-        # return the keyword arguments with no option strings
-        return dict(kwargs, dest=dest, option_strings=[])
-
-    def _get_optional_kwargs(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        # determine short and long option strings
-        option_strings = []
-        long_option_strings = []
-        for option_string in args:
-            # error on strings that don't start with an appropriate prefix
-            if not option_string[0] in self.prefix_chars:
-                msg = _('invalid option string %r: '
-                        'must start with a character %r')
-                tup = option_string, self.prefix_chars
-                raise ValueError(msg % tup)
-
-            # strings starting with two prefix characters are long options
-            option_strings.append(option_string)
-            if option_string[0] in self.prefix_chars:
-                if len(option_string) > 1:
-                    if option_string[1] in self.prefix_chars:
-                        long_option_strings.append(option_string)
-
-        # infer destination, '--foo-bar' -> 'foo_bar' and '-x' -> 'x'
-        dest = kwargs.pop('dest', None)
-        if dest is None:
-            if long_option_strings:
-                dest_option_string = long_option_strings[0]
-            else:
-                dest_option_string = option_strings[0]
-            dest = dest_option_string.lstrip(self.prefix_chars)
-            if not dest:
-                msg = _('dest= is required for options like %r')
-                raise ValueError(msg % option_string)
-            dest = dest.replace('-', '_')
-
-        # return the updated keyword arguments
-        return dict(kwargs, dest=dest, option_strings=option_strings)
-
-    def _pop_action_class(self, kwargs, default=None):
-        action = kwargs.pop('action', default)
-        return self._registry_get('action', action, action)
-
-    def _get_handler(self):
-        # determine function from conflict handler string
-        handler_func_name = '_handle_conflict_%s' % self.conflict_handler
-        try:
-            return getattr(self, handler_func_name)
-        except AttributeError:
-            msg = _('invalid conflict_resolution value: %r')
-            raise ValueError(msg % self.conflict_handler)
-
-    def _check_conflict(self, action):
-
-        # find all options that conflict with this option
-        confl_optionals = []
-        for option_string in action.option_strings:
-            if option_string in self._option_string_actions:
-                confl_optional = self._option_string_actions[option_string]
-                confl_optionals.append((option_string, confl_optional))
-
-        # resolve any conflicts
-        if confl_optionals:
-            conflict_handler = self._get_handler()
-            conflict_handler(action, confl_optionals)
-
-    def _handle_conflict_error(self, action, conflicting_actions):
-        message = _('conflicting option string(s): %s')
-        conflict_string = ', '.join([option_string
-                                     for option_string, action
-                                     in conflicting_actions])
-        raise ArgumentError(action, message % conflict_string)
-
-    def _handle_conflict_resolve(self, action, conflicting_actions):
-
-        # remove all conflicting options
-        for option_string, action in conflicting_actions:
-
-            # remove the conflicting option
-            action.option_strings.remove(option_string)
-            self._option_string_actions.pop(option_string, None)
-
-            # if the option now has no option string, remove it from the
-            # container holding it
-            if not action.option_strings:
-                action.container._remove_action(action)
-
-
-class _ArgumentGroup(_ActionsContainer):
-
-    def __init__(self, container, title=None, description=None, **kwargs):
-        # add any missing keyword arguments by checking the container
-        update = kwargs.setdefault
-        update('conflict_handler', container.conflict_handler)
-        update('prefix_chars', container.prefix_chars)
-        update('argument_default', container.argument_default)
-        super_init = super(_ArgumentGroup, self).__init__
-        super_init(description=description, **kwargs)
-
-        # group attributes
-        self.title = title
-        self._group_actions = []
-
-        # share most attributes with the container
-        self._registries = container._registries
-        self._actions = container._actions
-        self._option_string_actions = container._option_string_actions
-        self._defaults = container._defaults
-        self._has_negative_number_optionals = \
-            container._has_negative_number_optionals
-        self._mutually_exclusive_groups = container._mutually_exclusive_groups
-
-    def _add_action(self, action):
-        action = super(_ArgumentGroup, self)._add_action(action)
-        self._group_actions.append(action)
-        return action
-
-    def _remove_action(self, action):
-        super(_ArgumentGroup, self)._remove_action(action)
-        self._group_actions.remove(action)
-
-
-class _MutuallyExclusiveGroup(_ArgumentGroup):
-
-    def __init__(self, container, required=False):
-        super(_MutuallyExclusiveGroup, self).__init__(container)
-        self.required = required
-        self._container = container
-
-    def _add_action(self, action):
-        if action.required:
-            msg = _('mutually exclusive arguments must be optional')
-            raise ValueError(msg)
-        action = self._container._add_action(action)
-        self._group_actions.append(action)
-        return action
-
-    def _remove_action(self, action):
-        self._container._remove_action(action)
-        self._group_actions.remove(action)
-
-
-class ArgumentParser(_AttributeHolder, _ActionsContainer):
-    """Object for parsing command line strings into Python objects.
-
-    Keyword Arguments:
-        - prog -- The name of the program (default: sys.argv[0])
-        - usage -- A usage message (default: auto-generated from arguments)
-        - description -- A description of what the program does
-        - epilog -- Text following the argument descriptions
-        - parents -- Parsers whose arguments should be copied into this one
-        - formatter_class -- HelpFormatter class for printing help messages
-        - prefix_chars -- Characters that prefix optional arguments
-        - fromfile_prefix_chars -- Characters that prefix files containing
-            additional arguments
-        - argument_default -- The default value for all arguments
-        - conflict_handler -- String indicating how to handle conflicts
-        - add_help -- Add a -h/-help option
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self,
-                 prog=None,
-                 usage=None,
-                 description=None,
-                 epilog=None,
-                 version=None,
-                 parents=[],
-                 formatter_class=HelpFormatter,
-                 prefix_chars='-',
-                 fromfile_prefix_chars=None,
-                 argument_default=None,
-                 conflict_handler='error',
-                 add_help=True):
-
-        if version is not None:
-            import warnings
-            warnings.warn(
-                """The "version" argument to ArgumentParser is deprecated. """
-                """Please use """
-                """"add_argument(..., action='version', version="N", ...)" """
-                """instead""", DeprecationWarning)
-
-        superinit = super(ArgumentParser, self).__init__
-        superinit(description=description,
-                  prefix_chars=prefix_chars,
-                  argument_default=argument_default,
-                  conflict_handler=conflict_handler)
-
-        # default setting for prog
-        if prog is None:
-            prog = _os.path.basename(_sys.argv[0])
-
-        self.prog = prog
-        self.usage = usage
-        self.epilog = epilog
-        self.version = version
-        self.formatter_class = formatter_class
-        self.fromfile_prefix_chars = fromfile_prefix_chars
-        self.add_help = add_help
-
-        add_group = self.add_argument_group
-        self._positionals = add_group(_('positional arguments'))
-        self._optionals = add_group(_('optional arguments'))
-        self._subparsers = None
-
-        # register types
-        def identity(string):
-            return string
-        self.register('type', None, identity)
-
-        # add help and version arguments if necessary
-        # (using explicit default to override global argument_default)
-        if '-' in prefix_chars:
-            default_prefix = '-'
-        else:
-            default_prefix = prefix_chars[0]
-        if self.add_help:
-            self.add_argument(
-                default_prefix+'h', default_prefix*2+'help',
-                action='help', default=SUPPRESS,
-                help=_('show this help message and exit'))
-        if self.version:
-            self.add_argument(
-                default_prefix+'v', default_prefix*2+'version',
-                action='version', default=SUPPRESS,
-                version=self.version,
-                help=_("show program's version number and exit"))
-
-        # add parent arguments and defaults
-        for parent in parents:
-            self._add_container_actions(parent)
-            try:
-                defaults = parent._defaults
-            except AttributeError:
-                pass
-            else:
-                self._defaults.update(defaults)
-
-    # =======================
-    # Pretty __repr__ methods
-    # =======================
-    def _get_kwargs(self):
-        names = [
-            'prog',
-            'usage',
-            'description',
-            'version',
-            'formatter_class',
-            'conflict_handler',
-            'add_help',
-        ]
-        return [(name, getattr(self, name)) for name in names]
-
-    # ==================================
-    # Optional/Positional adding methods
-    # ==================================
-    def add_subparsers(self, **kwargs):
-        if self._subparsers is not None:
-            self.error(_('cannot have multiple subparser arguments'))
-
-        # add the parser class to the arguments if it's not present
-        kwargs.setdefault('parser_class', type(self))
-
-        if 'title' in kwargs or 'description' in kwargs:
-            title = _(kwargs.pop('title', 'subcommands'))
-            description = _(kwargs.pop('description', None))
-            self._subparsers = self.add_argument_group(title, description)
-        else:
-            self._subparsers = self._positionals
-
-        # prog defaults to the usage message of this parser, skipping
-        # optional arguments and with no "usage:" prefix
-        if kwargs.get('prog') is None:
-            formatter = self._get_formatter()
-            positionals = self._get_positional_actions()
-            groups = self._mutually_exclusive_groups
-            formatter.add_usage(self.usage, positionals, groups, '')
-            kwargs['prog'] = formatter.format_help().strip()
-
-        # create the parsers action and add it to the positionals list
-        parsers_class = self._pop_action_class(kwargs, 'parsers')
-        action = parsers_class(option_strings=[], **kwargs)
-        self._subparsers._add_action(action)
-
-        # return the created parsers action
-        return action
-
-    def _add_action(self, action):
-        if action.option_strings:
-            self._optionals._add_action(action)
-        else:
-            self._positionals._add_action(action)
-        return action
-
-    def _get_optional_actions(self):
-        return [action
-                for action in self._actions
-                if action.option_strings]
-
-    def _get_positional_actions(self):
-        return [action
-                for action in self._actions
-                if not action.option_strings]
-
-    # =====================================
-    # Command line argument parsing methods
-    # =====================================
-    def parse_args(self, args=None, namespace=None):
-        args, argv = self.parse_known_args(args, namespace)
-        if argv:
-            msg = _('unrecognized arguments: %s')
-            self.error(msg % ' '.join(argv))
-        return args
-
-    def parse_known_args(self, args=None, namespace=None):
-        # args default to the system args
-        if args is None:
-            args = _sys.argv[1:]
-
-        # default Namespace built from parser defaults
-        if namespace is None:
-            namespace = Namespace()
-
-        # add any action defaults that aren't present
-        for action in self._actions:
-            if action.dest is not SUPPRESS:
-                if not hasattr(namespace, action.dest):
-                    if action.default is not SUPPRESS:
-                        default = action.default
-                        if isinstance(action.default, basestring):
-                            default = self._get_value(action, default)
-                        setattr(namespace, action.dest, default)
-
-        # add any parser defaults that aren't present
-        for dest in self._defaults:
-            if not hasattr(namespace, dest):
-                setattr(namespace, dest, self._defaults[dest])
-
-        # parse the arguments and exit if there are any errors
-        try:
-            namespace, args = self._parse_known_args(args, namespace)
-            if hasattr(namespace, _UNRECOGNIZED_ARGS_ATTR):
-                args.extend(getattr(namespace, _UNRECOGNIZED_ARGS_ATTR))
-                delattr(namespace, _UNRECOGNIZED_ARGS_ATTR)
-            return namespace, args
-        except ArgumentError:
-            err = _sys.exc_info()[1]
-            self.error(str(err))
-
-    def _parse_known_args(self, arg_strings, namespace):
-        # replace arg strings that are file references
-        if self.fromfile_prefix_chars is not None:
-            arg_strings = self._read_args_from_files(arg_strings)
-
-        # map all mutually exclusive arguments to the other arguments
-        # they can't occur with
-        action_conflicts = {}
-        for mutex_group in self._mutually_exclusive_groups:
-            group_actions = mutex_group._group_actions
-            for i, mutex_action in enumerate(mutex_group._group_actions):
-                conflicts = action_conflicts.setdefault(mutex_action, [])
-                conflicts.extend(group_actions[:i])
-                conflicts.extend(group_actions[i + 1:])
-
-        # find all option indices, and determine the arg_string_pattern
-        # which has an 'O' if there is an option at an index,
-        # an 'A' if there is an argument, or a '-' if there is a '--'
-        option_string_indices = {}
-        arg_string_pattern_parts = []
-        arg_strings_iter = iter(arg_strings)
-        for i, arg_string in enumerate(arg_strings_iter):
-
-            # all args after -- are non-options
-            if arg_string == '--':
-                arg_string_pattern_parts.append('-')
-                for arg_string in arg_strings_iter:
-                    arg_string_pattern_parts.append('A')
-
-            # otherwise, add the arg to the arg strings
-            # and note the index if it was an option
-            else:
-                option_tuple = self._parse_optional(arg_string)
-                if option_tuple is None:
-                    pattern = 'A'
-                else:
-                    option_string_indices[i] = option_tuple
-                    pattern = 'O'
-                arg_string_pattern_parts.append(pattern)
-
-        # join the pieces together to form the pattern
-        arg_strings_pattern = ''.join(arg_string_pattern_parts)
-
-        # converts arg strings to the appropriate and then takes the action
-        seen_actions = set()
-        seen_non_default_actions = set()
-
-        def take_action(action, argument_strings, option_string=None):
-            seen_actions.add(action)
-            argument_values = self._get_values(action, argument_strings)
-
-            # error if this argument is not allowed with other previously
-            # seen arguments, assuming that actions that use the default
-            # value don't really count as "present"
-            if argument_values is not action.default:
-                seen_non_default_actions.add(action)
-                for conflict_action in action_conflicts.get(action, []):
-                    if conflict_action in seen_non_default_actions:
-                        msg = _('not allowed with argument %s')
-                        action_name = _get_action_name(conflict_action)
-                        raise ArgumentError(action, msg % action_name)
-
-            # take the action if we didn't receive a SUPPRESS value
-            # (e.g. from a default)
-            if argument_values is not SUPPRESS:
-                action(self, namespace, argument_values, option_string)
-
-        # function to convert arg_strings into an optional action
-        def consume_optional(start_index):
-
-            # get the optional identified at this index
-            option_tuple = option_string_indices[start_index]
-            action, option_string, explicit_arg = option_tuple
-
-            # identify additional optionals in the same arg string
-            # (e.g. -xyz is the same as -x -y -z if no args are required)
-            match_argument = self._match_argument
-            action_tuples = []
-            while True:
-
-                # if we found no optional action, skip it
-                if action is None:
-                    extras.append(arg_strings[start_index])
-                    return start_index + 1
-
-                # if there is an explicit argument, try to match the
-                # optional's string arguments to only this
-                if explicit_arg is not None:
-                    arg_count = match_argument(action, 'A')
-
-                    # if the action is a single-dash option and takes no
-                    # arguments, try to parse more single-dash options out
-                    # of the tail of the option string
-                    chars = self.prefix_chars
-                    if arg_count == 0 and option_string[1] not in chars:
-                        action_tuples.append((action, [], option_string))
-                        char = option_string[0]
-                        option_string = char + explicit_arg[0]
-                        new_explicit_arg = explicit_arg[1:] or None
-                        optionals_map = self._option_string_actions
-                        if option_string in optionals_map:
-                            action = optionals_map[option_string]
-                            explicit_arg = new_explicit_arg
-                        else:
-                            msg = _('ignored explicit argument %r')
-                            raise ArgumentError(action, msg % explicit_arg)
-
-                    # if the action expect exactly one argument, we've
-                    # successfully matched the option; exit the loop
-                    elif arg_count == 1:
-                        stop = start_index + 1
-                        args = [explicit_arg]
-                        action_tuples.append((action, args, option_string))
-                        break
-
-                    # error if a double-dash option did not use the
-                    # explicit argument
-                    else:
-                        msg = _('ignored explicit argument %r')
-                        raise ArgumentError(action, msg % explicit_arg)
-
-                # if there is no explicit argument, try to match the
-                # optional's string arguments with the following strings
-                # if successful, exit the loop
-                else:
-                    start = start_index + 1
-                    selected_patterns = arg_strings_pattern[start:]
-                    arg_count = match_argument(action, selected_patterns)
-                    stop = start + arg_count
-                    args = arg_strings[start:stop]
-                    action_tuples.append((action, args, option_string))
-                    break
-
-            # add the Optional to the list and return the index at which
-            # the Optional's string args stopped
-            assert action_tuples
-            for action, args, option_string in action_tuples:
-                take_action(action, args, option_string)
-            return stop
-
-        # the list of Positionals left to be parsed; this is modified
-        # by consume_positionals()
-        positionals = self._get_positional_actions()
-
-        # function to convert arg_strings into positional actions
-        def consume_positionals(start_index):
-            # match as many Positionals as possible
-            match_partial = self._match_arguments_partial
-            selected_pattern = arg_strings_pattern[start_index:]
-            arg_counts = match_partial(positionals, selected_pattern)
-
-            # slice off the appropriate arg strings for each Positional
-            # and add the Positional and its args to the list
-            for action, arg_count in zip(positionals, arg_counts):
-                args = arg_strings[start_index: start_index + arg_count]
-                start_index += arg_count
-                take_action(action, args)
-
-            # slice off the Positionals that we just parsed and return the
-            # index at which the Positionals' string args stopped
-            positionals[:] = positionals[len(arg_counts):]
-            return start_index
-
-        # consume Positionals and Optionals alternately, until we have
-        # passed the last option string
-        extras = []
-        start_index = 0
-        if option_string_indices:
-            max_option_string_index = max(option_string_indices)
-        else:
-            max_option_string_index = -1
-        while start_index <= max_option_string_index:
-
-            # consume any Positionals preceding the next option
-            next_option_string_index = min([
-                index
-                for index in option_string_indices
-                if index >= start_index])
-            if start_index != next_option_string_index:
-                positionals_end_index = consume_positionals(start_index)
-
-                # only try to parse the next optional if we didn't consume
-                # the option string during the positionals parsing
-                if positionals_end_index > start_index:
-                    start_index = positionals_end_index
-                    continue
-                else:
-                    start_index = positionals_end_index
-
-            # if we consumed all the positionals we could and we're not
-            # at the index of an option string, there were extra arguments
-            if start_index not in option_string_indices:
-                strings = arg_strings[start_index:next_option_string_index]
-                extras.extend(strings)
-                start_index = next_option_string_index
-
-            # consume the next optional and any arguments for it
-            start_index = consume_optional(start_index)
-
-        # consume any positionals following the last Optional
-        stop_index = consume_positionals(start_index)
-
-        # if we didn't consume all the argument strings, there were extras
-        extras.extend(arg_strings[stop_index:])
-
-        # if we didn't use all the Positional objects, there were too few
-        # arg strings supplied.
-        if positionals:
-            self.error(_('too few arguments'))
-
-        # make sure all required actions were present
-        for action in self._actions:
-            if action.required:
-                if action not in seen_actions:
-                    name = _get_action_name(action)
-                    self.error(_('argument %s is required') % name)
-
-        # make sure all required groups had one option present
-        for group in self._mutually_exclusive_groups:
-            if group.required:
-                for action in group._group_actions:
-                    if action in seen_non_default_actions:
-                        break
-
-                # if no actions were used, report the error
-                else:
-                    names = [_get_action_name(action)
-                             for action in group._group_actions
-                             if action.help is not SUPPRESS]
-                    msg = _('one of the arguments %s is required')
-                    self.error(msg % ' '.join(names))
-
-        # return the updated namespace and the extra arguments
-        return namespace, extras
-
-    def _read_args_from_files(self, arg_strings):
-        # expand arguments referencing files
-        new_arg_strings = []
-        for arg_string in arg_strings:
-
-            # for regular arguments, just add them back into the list
-            if arg_string[0] not in self.fromfile_prefix_chars:
-                new_arg_strings.append(arg_string)
-
-            # replace arguments referencing files with the file content
-            else:
-                try:
-                    args_file = open(arg_string[1:])
-                    try:
-                        arg_strings = []
-                        for arg_line in args_file.read().splitlines():
-                            for arg in self.convert_arg_line_to_args(arg_line):
-                                arg_strings.append(arg)
-                        arg_strings = self._read_args_from_files(arg_strings)
-                        new_arg_strings.extend(arg_strings)
-                    finally:
-                        args_file.close()
-                except IOError:
-                    err = _sys.exc_info()[1]
-                    self.error(str(err))
-
-        # return the modified argument list
-        return new_arg_strings
-
-    def convert_arg_line_to_args(self, arg_line):
-        return [arg_line]
-
-    def _match_argument(self, action, arg_strings_pattern):
-        # match the pattern for this action to the arg strings
-        nargs_pattern = self._get_nargs_pattern(action)
-        match = _re.match(nargs_pattern, arg_strings_pattern)
-
-        # raise an exception if we weren't able to find a match
-        if match is None:
-            nargs_errors = {
-                None: _('expected one argument'),
-                OPTIONAL: _('expected at most one argument'),
-                ONE_OR_MORE: _('expected at least one argument'),
-            }
-            default = _('expected %s argument(s)') % action.nargs
-            msg = nargs_errors.get(action.nargs, default)
-            raise ArgumentError(action, msg)
-
-        # return the number of arguments matched
-        return len(match.group(1))
-
-    def _match_arguments_partial(self, actions, arg_strings_pattern):
-        # progressively shorten the actions list by slicing off the
-        # final actions until we find a match
-        result = []
-        for i in range(len(actions), 0, -1):
-            actions_slice = actions[:i]
-            pattern = ''.join([self._get_nargs_pattern(action)
-                               for action in actions_slice])
-            match = _re.match(pattern, arg_strings_pattern)
-            if match is not None:
-                result.extend([len(string) for string in match.groups()])
-                break
-
-        # return the list of arg string counts
-        return result
-
-    def _parse_optional(self, arg_string):
-        # if it's an empty string, it was meant to be a positional
-        if not arg_string:
-            return None
-
-        # if it doesn't start with a prefix, it was meant to be positional
-        if not arg_string[0] in self.prefix_chars:
-            return None
-
-        # if the option string is present in the parser, return the action
-        if arg_string in self._option_string_actions:
-            action = self._option_string_actions[arg_string]
-            return action, arg_string, None
-
-        # if it's just a single character, it was meant to be positional
-        if len(arg_string) == 1:
-            return None
-
-        # if the option string before the "=" is present, return the action
-        if '=' in arg_string:
-            option_string, explicit_arg = arg_string.split('=', 1)
-            if option_string in self._option_string_actions:
-                action = self._option_string_actions[option_string]
-                return action, option_string, explicit_arg
-
-        # search through all possible prefixes of the option string
-        # and all actions in the parser for possible interpretations
-        option_tuples = self._get_option_tuples(arg_string)
-
-        # if multiple actions match, the option string was ambiguous
-        if len(option_tuples) > 1:
-            options = ', '.join([option_string
-                for action, option_string, explicit_arg in option_tuples])
-            tup = arg_string, options
-            self.error(_('ambiguous option: %s could match %s') % tup)
-
-        # if exactly one action matched, this segmentation is good,
-        # so return the parsed action
-        elif len(option_tuples) == 1:
-            option_tuple, = option_tuples
-            return option_tuple
-
-        # if it was not found as an option, but it looks like a negative
-        # number, it was meant to be positional
-        # unless there are negative-number-like options
-        if self._negative_number_matcher.match(arg_string):
-            if not self._has_negative_number_optionals:
-                return None
-
-        # if it contains a space, it was meant to be a positional
-        if ' ' in arg_string:
-            return None
-
-        # it was meant to be an optional but there is no such option
-        # in this parser (though it might be a valid option in a subparser)
-        return None, arg_string, None
-
-    def _get_option_tuples(self, option_string):
-        result = []
-
-        # option strings starting with two prefix characters are only
-        # split at the '='
-        chars = self.prefix_chars
-        if option_string[0] in chars and option_string[1] in chars:
-            if '=' in option_string:
-                option_prefix, explicit_arg = option_string.split('=', 1)
-            else:
-                option_prefix = option_string
-                explicit_arg = None
-            for option_string in self._option_string_actions:
-                if option_string.startswith(option_prefix):
-                    action = self._option_string_actions[option_string]
-                    tup = action, option_string, explicit_arg
-                    result.append(tup)
-
-        # single character options can be concatenated with their arguments
-        # but multiple character options always have to have their argument
-        # separate
-        elif option_string[0] in chars and option_string[1] not in chars:
-            option_prefix = option_string
-            explicit_arg = None
-            short_option_prefix = option_string[:2]
-            short_explicit_arg = option_string[2:]
-
-            for option_string in self._option_string_actions:
-                if option_string == short_option_prefix:
-                    action = self._option_string_actions[option_string]
-                    tup = action, option_string, short_explicit_arg
-                    result.append(tup)
-                elif option_string.startswith(option_prefix):
-                    action = self._option_string_actions[option_string]
-                    tup = action, option_string, explicit_arg
-                    result.append(tup)
-
-        # shouldn't ever get here
-        else:
-            self.error(_('unexpected option string: %s') % option_string)
-
-        # return the collected option tuples
-        return result
-
-    def _get_nargs_pattern(self, action):
-        # in all examples below, we have to allow for '--' args
-        # which are represented as '-' in the pattern
-        nargs = action.nargs
-
-        # the default (None) is assumed to be a single argument
-        if nargs is None:
-            nargs_pattern = '(-*A-*)'
-
-        # allow zero or one arguments
-        elif nargs == OPTIONAL:
-            nargs_pattern = '(-*A?-*)'
-
-        # allow zero or more arguments
-        elif nargs == ZERO_OR_MORE:
-            nargs_pattern = '(-*[A-]*)'
-
-        # allow one or more arguments
-        elif nargs == ONE_OR_MORE:
-            nargs_pattern = '(-*A[A-]*)'
-
-        # allow any number of options or arguments
-        elif nargs == REMAINDER:
-            nargs_pattern = '([-AO]*)'
-
-        # allow one argument followed by any number of options or arguments
-        elif nargs == PARSER:
-            nargs_pattern = '(-*A[-AO]*)'
-
-        # all others should be integers
-        else:
-            nargs_pattern = '(-*%s-*)' % '-*'.join('A' * nargs)
-
-        # if this is an optional action, -- is not allowed
-        if action.option_strings:
-            nargs_pattern = nargs_pattern.replace('-*', '')
-            nargs_pattern = nargs_pattern.replace('-', '')
-
-        # return the pattern
-        return nargs_pattern
-
-    # ========================
-    # Value conversion methods
-    # ========================
-    def _get_values(self, action, arg_strings):
-        # for everything but PARSER args, strip out '--'
-        if action.nargs not in [PARSER, REMAINDER]:
-            arg_strings = [s for s in arg_strings if s != '--']
-
-        # optional argument produces a default when not present
-        if not arg_strings and action.nargs == OPTIONAL:
-            if action.option_strings:
-                value = action.const
-            else:
-                value = action.default
-            if isinstance(value, basestring):
-                value = self._get_value(action, value)
-                self._check_value(action, value)
-
-        # when nargs='*' on a positional, if there were no command-line
-        # args, use the default if it is anything other than None
-        elif (not arg_strings and action.nargs == ZERO_OR_MORE and
-              not action.option_strings):
-            if action.default is not None:
-                value = action.default
-            else:
-                value = arg_strings
-            self._check_value(action, value)
-
-        # single argument or optional argument produces a single value
-        elif len(arg_strings) == 1 and action.nargs in [None, OPTIONAL]:
-            arg_string, = arg_strings
-            value = self._get_value(action, arg_string)
-            self._check_value(action, value)
-
-        # REMAINDER arguments convert all values, checking none
-        elif action.nargs == REMAINDER:
-            value = [self._get_value(action, v) for v in arg_strings]
-
-        # PARSER arguments convert all values, but check only the first
-        elif action.nargs == PARSER:
-            value = [self._get_value(action, v) for v in arg_strings]
-            self._check_value(action, value[0])
-
-        # all other types of nargs produce a list
-        else:
-            value = [self._get_value(action, v) for v in arg_strings]
-            for v in value:
-                self._check_value(action, v)
-
-        # return the converted value
-        return value
-
-    def _get_value(self, action, arg_string):
-        type_func = self._registry_get('type', action.type, action.type)
-        if not _callable(type_func):
-            msg = _('%r is not callable')
-            raise ArgumentError(action, msg % type_func)
-
-        # convert the value to the appropriate type
-        try:
-            result = type_func(arg_string)
-
-        # ArgumentTypeErrors indicate errors
-        except ArgumentTypeError:
-            name = getattr(action.type, '__name__', repr(action.type))
-            msg = str(_sys.exc_info()[1])
-            raise ArgumentError(action, msg)
-
-        # TypeErrors or ValueErrors also indicate errors
-        except (TypeError, ValueError):
-            name = getattr(action.type, '__name__', repr(action.type))
-            msg = _('invalid %s value: %r')
-            raise ArgumentError(action, msg % (name, arg_string))
-
-        # return the converted value
-        return result
-
-    def _check_value(self, action, value):
-        # converted value must be one of the choices (if specified)
-        if action.choices is not None and value not in action.choices:
-            tup = value, ', '.join(map(repr, action.choices))
-            msg = _('invalid choice: %r (choose from %s)') % tup
-            raise ArgumentError(action, msg)
-
-    # =======================
-    # Help-formatting methods
-    # =======================
-    def format_usage(self):
-        formatter = self._get_formatter()
-        formatter.add_usage(self.usage, self._actions,
-                            self._mutually_exclusive_groups)
-        return formatter.format_help()
-
-    def format_help(self):
-        formatter = self._get_formatter()
-
-        # usage
-        formatter.add_usage(self.usage, self._actions,
-                            self._mutually_exclusive_groups)
-
-        # description
-        formatter.add_text(self.description)
-
-        # positionals, optionals and user-defined groups
-        for action_group in self._action_groups:
-            formatter.start_section(action_group.title)
-            formatter.add_text(action_group.description)
-            formatter.add_arguments(action_group._group_actions)
-            formatter.end_section()
-
-        # epilog
-        formatter.add_text(self.epilog)
-
-        # determine help from format above
-        return formatter.format_help()
-
-    def format_version(self):
-        import warnings
-        warnings.warn(
-            'The format_version method is deprecated -- the "version" '
-            'argument to ArgumentParser is no longer supported.',
-            DeprecationWarning)
-        formatter = self._get_formatter()
-        formatter.add_text(self.version)
-        return formatter.format_help()
-
-    def _get_formatter(self):
-        return self.formatter_class(prog=self.prog)
-
-    # =====================
-    # Help-printing methods
-    # =====================
-    def print_usage(self, file=None):
-        if file is None:
-            file = _sys.stdout
-        self._print_message(self.format_usage(), file)
-
-    def print_help(self, file=None):
-        if file is None:
-            file = _sys.stdout
-        self._print_message(self.format_help(), file)
-
-    def print_version(self, file=None):
-        import warnings
-        warnings.warn(
-            'The print_version method is deprecated -- the "version" '
-            'argument to ArgumentParser is no longer supported.',
-            DeprecationWarning)
-        self._print_message(self.format_version(), file)
-
-    def _print_message(self, message, file=None):
-        if message:
-            if file is None:
-                file = _sys.stderr
-            file.write(message)
-
-    # ===============
-    # Exiting methods
-    # ===============
-    def exit(self, status=0, message=None):
-        if message:
-            self._print_message(message, _sys.stderr)
-        _sys.exit(status)
-
-    def error(self, message):
-        """error(message: string)
-
-        Prints a usage message incorporating the message to stderr and
-        exits.
-
-        If you override this in a subclass, it should not return -- it
-        should either exit or raise an exception.
-        """
-        self.print_usage(_sys.stderr)
-        self.exit(2, _('%s: error: %s\n') % (self.prog, message))
diff --git a/python/compat/automake.mk b/python/compat/automake.mk
deleted file mode 100644
index 8d393a2..0000000
--- a/python/compat/automake.mk
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-EXTRA_DIST += \
-	python/compat/uuid.py \
-	python/compat/argparse.py
diff --git a/python/compat/uuid.py b/python/compat/uuid.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 599ece9..0000000
--- a/python/compat/uuid.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,594 +0,0 @@
-# This file is from Python 2.5.  It has been modified by adding this
-# license header, which is copied from the LICENSE file distributed
-# with Python.
-#
-# PYTHON SOFTWARE FOUNDATION LICENSE VERSION 2
-# --------------------------------------------
-#
-# 1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between the Python Software Foundation
-# ("PSF"), and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and
-# otherwise using this software ("Python") in source or binary form and
-# its associated documentation.
-#
-# 2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License Agreement, PSF
-# hereby grants Licensee a nonexclusive, royalty-free, world-wide
-# license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly,
-# prepare derivative works, distribute, and otherwise use Python
-# alone or in any derivative version, provided, however, that PSF's
-# License Agreement and PSF's notice of copyright, i.e., "Copyright (c)
-# 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 Python Software Foundation;
-# All Rights Reserved" are retained in Python alone or in any derivative
-# version prepared by Licensee.
-#
-# 3. In the event Licensee prepares a derivative work that is based on
-# or incorporates Python or any part thereof, and wants to make
-# the derivative work available to others as provided herein, then
-# Licensee hereby agrees to include in any such work a brief summary of
-# the changes made to Python.
-#
-# 4. PSF is making Python available to Licensee on an "AS IS"
-# basis.  PSF MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR
-# IMPLIED.  BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, PSF MAKES NO AND
-# DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS
-# FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF PYTHON WILL NOT
-# INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS.
-#
-# 5. PSF SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF PYTHON
-# FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS
-# A RESULT OF MODIFYING, DISTRIBUTING, OR OTHERWISE USING PYTHON,
-# OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF.
-#
-# 6. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material
-# breach of its terms and conditions.
-#
-# 7. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any
-# relationship of agency, partnership, or joint venture between PSF and
-# Licensee.  This License Agreement does not grant permission to use PSF
-# trademarks or trade name in a trademark sense to endorse or promote
-# products or services of Licensee, or any third party.
-#
-# 8. By copying, installing or otherwise using Python, Licensee
-# agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License
-# Agreement.
-
-r"""UUID objects (universally unique identifiers) according to RFC 4122.
-
-This module provides immutable UUID objects (class UUID) and the functions
-uuid1(), uuid3(), uuid4(), uuid5() for generating version 1, 3, 4, and 5
-UUIDs as specified in RFC 4122.
-
-If all you want is a unique ID, you should probably call uuid1() or uuid4().
-Note that uuid1() may compromise privacy since it creates a UUID containing
-the computer's network address.  uuid4() creates a random UUID.
-
-Typical usage:
-
-    >>> import uuid
-
-    # make a UUID based on the host ID and current time
-    >>> uuid.uuid1()
-    UUID('a8098c1a-f86e-11da-bd1a-00112444be1e')
-
-    # make a UUID using an MD5 hash of a namespace UUID and a name
-    >>> uuid.uuid3(uuid.NAMESPACE_DNS, 'python.org')
-    UUID('6fa459ea-ee8a-3ca4-894e-db77e160355e')
-
-    # make a random UUID
-    >>> uuid.uuid4()
-    UUID('16fd2706-8baf-433b-82eb-8c7fada847da')
-
-    # make a UUID using a SHA-1 hash of a namespace UUID and a name
-    >>> uuid.uuid5(uuid.NAMESPACE_DNS, 'python.org')
-    UUID('886313e1-3b8a-5372-9b90-0c9aee199e5d')
-
-    # make a UUID from a string of hex digits (braces and hyphens ignored)
-    >>> x = uuid.UUID('{00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f}')
-
-    # convert a UUID to a string of hex digits in standard form
-    >>> str(x)
-    '00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f'
-
-    # get the raw 16 bytes of the UUID
-    >>> x.bytes
-    '\x00\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08\t\n\x0b\x0c\r\x0e\x0f'
-
-    # make a UUID from a 16-byte string
-    >>> uuid.UUID(bytes=x.bytes)
-    UUID('00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f')
-"""
-
-__author__ = 'Ka-Ping Yee <ping at zesty.ca>'
-
-RESERVED_NCS, RFC_4122, RESERVED_MICROSOFT, RESERVED_FUTURE = [
-    'reserved for NCS compatibility', 'specified in RFC 4122',
-    'reserved for Microsoft compatibility', 'reserved for future definition']
-
-class UUID(object):
-    """Instances of the UUID class represent UUIDs as specified in RFC 4122.
-    UUID objects are immutable, hashable, and usable as dictionary keys.
-    Converting a UUID to a string with str() yields something in the form
-    '12345678-1234-1234-1234-123456789abc'.  The UUID constructor accepts
-    five possible forms: a similar string of hexadecimal digits, or a tuple
-    of six integer fields (with 32-bit, 16-bit, 16-bit, 8-bit, 8-bit, and
-    48-bit values respectively) as an argument named 'fields', or a string
-    of 16 bytes (with all the integer fields in big-endian order) as an
-    argument named 'bytes', or a string of 16 bytes (with the first three
-    fields in little-endian order) as an argument named 'bytes_le', or a
-    single 128-bit integer as an argument named 'int'.
-
-    UUIDs have these read-only attributes:
-
-        bytes       the UUID as a 16-byte string (containing the six
-                    integer fields in big-endian byte order)
-
-        bytes_le    the UUID as a 16-byte string (with time_low, time_mid,
-                    and time_hi_version in little-endian byte order)
-
-        fields      a tuple of the six integer fields of the UUID,
-                    which are also available as six individual attributes
-                    and two derived attributes:
-
-            time_low                the first 32 bits of the UUID
-            time_mid                the next 16 bits of the UUID
-            time_hi_version         the next 16 bits of the UUID
-            clock_seq_hi_variant    the next 8 bits of the UUID
-            clock_seq_low           the next 8 bits of the UUID
-            node                    the last 48 bits of the UUID
-
-            time                    the 60-bit timestamp
-            clock_seq               the 14-bit sequence number
-
-        hex         the UUID as a 32-character hexadecimal string
-
-        int         the UUID as a 128-bit integer
-
-        urn         the UUID as a URN as specified in RFC 4122
-
-        variant     the UUID variant (one of the constants RESERVED_NCS,
-                    RFC_4122, RESERVED_MICROSOFT, or RESERVED_FUTURE)
-
-        version     the UUID version number (1 through 5, meaningful only
-                    when the variant is RFC_4122)
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, hex=None, bytes=None, bytes_le=None, fields=None,
-                       int=None, version=None):
-        r"""Create a UUID from either a string of 32 hexadecimal digits,
-        a string of 16 bytes as the 'bytes' argument, a string of 16 bytes
-        in little-endian order as the 'bytes_le' argument, a tuple of six
-        integers (32-bit time_low, 16-bit time_mid, 16-bit time_hi_version,
-        8-bit clock_seq_hi_variant, 8-bit clock_seq_low, 48-bit node) as
-        the 'fields' argument, or a single 128-bit integer as the 'int'
-        argument.  When a string of hex digits is given, curly braces,
-        hyphens, and a URN prefix are all optional.  For example, these
-        expressions all yield the same UUID:
-
-        UUID('{12345678-1234-5678-1234-567812345678}')
-        UUID('12345678123456781234567812345678')
-        UUID('urn:uuid:12345678-1234-5678-1234-567812345678')
-        UUID(bytes='\x12\x34\x56\x78'*4)
-        UUID(bytes_le='\x78\x56\x34\x12\x34\x12\x78\x56' +
-                      '\x12\x34\x56\x78\x12\x34\x56\x78')
-        UUID(fields=(0x12345678, 0x1234, 0x5678, 0x12, 0x34, 0x567812345678))
-        UUID(int=0x12345678123456781234567812345678)
-
-        Exactly one of 'hex', 'bytes', 'bytes_le', 'fields', or 'int' must
-        be given.  The 'version' argument is optional; if given, the resulting
-        UUID will have its variant and version set according to RFC 4122,
-        overriding the given 'hex', 'bytes', 'bytes_le', 'fields', or 'int'.
-        """
-
-        if [hex, bytes, bytes_le, fields, int].count(None) != 4:
-            raise TypeError('need one of hex, bytes, bytes_le, fields, or int')
-        if hex is not None:
-            hex = hex.replace('urn:', '').replace('uuid:', '')
-            hex = hex.strip('{}').replace('-', '')
-            if len(hex) != 32:
-                raise ValueError('badly formed hexadecimal UUID string')
-            int = long(hex, 16)
-        if bytes_le is not None:
-            if len(bytes_le) != 16:
-                raise ValueError('bytes_le is not a 16-char string')
-            bytes = (bytes_le[3] + bytes_le[2] + bytes_le[1] + bytes_le[0] +
-                     bytes_le[5] + bytes_le[4] + bytes_le[7] + bytes_le[6] +
-                     bytes_le[8:])
-        if bytes is not None:
-            if len(bytes) != 16:
-                raise ValueError('bytes is not a 16-char string')
-            int = long(('%02x'*16) % tuple(map(ord, bytes)), 16)
-        if fields is not None:
-            if len(fields) != 6:
-                raise ValueError('fields is not a 6-tuple')
-            (time_low, time_mid, time_hi_version,
-             clock_seq_hi_variant, clock_seq_low, node) = fields
-            if not 0 <= time_low < 1<<32L:
-                raise ValueError('field 1 out of range (need a 32-bit value)')
-            if not 0 <= time_mid < 1<<16L:
-                raise ValueError('field 2 out of range (need a 16-bit value)')
-            if not 0 <= time_hi_version < 1<<16L:
-                raise ValueError('field 3 out of range (need a 16-bit value)')
-            if not 0 <= clock_seq_hi_variant < 1<<8L:
-                raise ValueError('field 4 out of range (need an 8-bit value)')
-            if not 0 <= clock_seq_low < 1<<8L:
-                raise ValueError('field 5 out of range (need an 8-bit value)')
-            if not 0 <= node < 1<<48L:
-                raise ValueError('field 6 out of range (need a 48-bit value)')
-            clock_seq = (clock_seq_hi_variant << 8L) | clock_seq_low
-            int = ((time_low << 96L) | (time_mid << 80L) |
-                   (time_hi_version << 64L) | (clock_seq << 48L) | node)
-        if int is not None:
-            if not 0 <= int < 1<<128L:
-                raise ValueError('int is out of range (need a 128-bit value)')
-        if version is not None:
-            if not 1 <= version <= 5:
-                raise ValueError('illegal version number')
-            # Set the variant to RFC 4122.
-            int &= ~(0xc000 << 48L)
-            int |= 0x8000 << 48L
-            # Set the version number.
-            int &= ~(0xf000 << 64L)
-            int |= version << 76L
-        self.__dict__['int'] = int
-
-    def __cmp__(self, other):
-        if isinstance(other, UUID):
-            return cmp(self.int, other.int)
-        return NotImplemented
-
-    def __hash__(self):
-        return hash(self.int)
-
-    def __int__(self):
-        return self.int
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        return 'UUID(%r)' % str(self)
-
-    def __setattr__(self, name, value):
-        raise TypeError('UUID objects are immutable')
-
-    def __str__(self):
-        hex = '%032x' % self.int
-        return '%s-%s-%s-%s-%s' % (
-            hex[:8], hex[8:12], hex[12:16], hex[16:20], hex[20:])
-
-    def get_bytes(self):
-        bytes = ''
-        for shift in range(0, 128, 8):
-            bytes = chr((self.int >> shift) & 0xff) + bytes
-        return bytes
-
-    bytes = property(get_bytes)
-
-    def get_bytes_le(self):
-        bytes = self.bytes
-        return (bytes[3] + bytes[2] + bytes[1] + bytes[0] +
-                bytes[5] + bytes[4] + bytes[7] + bytes[6] + bytes[8:])
-
-    bytes_le = property(get_bytes_le)
-
-    def get_fields(self):
-        return (self.time_low, self.time_mid, self.time_hi_version,
-                self.clock_seq_hi_variant, self.clock_seq_low, self.node)
-
-    fields = property(get_fields)
-
-    def get_time_low(self):
-        return self.int >> 96L
-
-    time_low = property(get_time_low)
-
-    def get_time_mid(self):
-        return (self.int >> 80L) & 0xffff
-
-    time_mid = property(get_time_mid)
-
-    def get_time_hi_version(self):
-        return (self.int >> 64L) & 0xffff
-
-    time_hi_version = property(get_time_hi_version)
-
-    def get_clock_seq_hi_variant(self):
-        return (self.int >> 56L) & 0xff
-
-    clock_seq_hi_variant = property(get_clock_seq_hi_variant)
-
-    def get_clock_seq_low(self):
-        return (self.int >> 48L) & 0xff
-
-    clock_seq_low = property(get_clock_seq_low)
-
-    def get_time(self):
-        return (((self.time_hi_version & 0x0fffL) << 48L) |
-                (self.time_mid << 32L) | self.time_low)
-
-    time = property(get_time)
-
-    def get_clock_seq(self):
-        return (((self.clock_seq_hi_variant & 0x3fL) << 8L) |
-                self.clock_seq_low)
-
-    clock_seq = property(get_clock_seq)
-
-    def get_node(self):
-        return self.int & 0xffffffffffff
-
-    node = property(get_node)
-
-    def get_hex(self):
-        return '%032x' % self.int
-
-    hex = property(get_hex)
-
-    def get_urn(self):
-        return 'urn:uuid:' + str(self)
-
-    urn = property(get_urn)
-
-    def get_variant(self):
-        if not self.int & (0x8000 << 48L):
-            return RESERVED_NCS
-        elif not self.int & (0x4000 << 48L):
-            return RFC_4122
-        elif not self.int & (0x2000 << 48L):
-            return RESERVED_MICROSOFT
-        else:
-            return RESERVED_FUTURE
-
-    variant = property(get_variant)
-
-    def get_version(self):
-        # The version bits are only meaningful for RFC 4122 UUIDs.
-        if self.variant == RFC_4122:
-            return int((self.int >> 76L) & 0xf)
-
-    version = property(get_version)
-
-def _find_mac(command, args, hw_identifiers, get_index):
-    import os
-    for dir in ['', '/sbin/', '/usr/sbin']:
-        executable = os.path.join(dir, command)
-        if not os.path.exists(executable):
-            continue
-
-        try:
-            # LC_ALL to get English output, 2>/dev/null to
-            # prevent output on stderr
-            cmd = 'LC_ALL=C %s %s 2>/dev/null' % (executable, args)
-            pipe = os.popen(cmd)
-        except IOError:
-            continue
-
-        for line in pipe:
-            words = line.lower().split()
-            for i in range(len(words)):
-                if words[i] in hw_identifiers:
-                    return int(words[get_index(i)].replace(':', ''), 16)
-    return None
-
-def _ifconfig_getnode():
-    """Get the hardware address on Unix by running ifconfig."""
-
-    # This works on Linux ('' or '-a'), Tru64 ('-av'), but not all Unixes.
-    for args in ('', '-a', '-av'):
-        mac = _find_mac('ifconfig', args, ['hwaddr', 'ether'], lambda i: i+1)
-        if mac:
-            return mac
-
-    import socket
-    ip_addr = socket.gethostbyname(socket.gethostname())
-
-    # Try getting the MAC addr from arp based on our IP address (Solaris).
-    mac = _find_mac('arp', '-an', [ip_addr], lambda i: -1)
-    if mac:
-        return mac
-
-    # This might work on HP-UX.
-    mac = _find_mac('lanscan', '-ai', ['lan0'], lambda i: 0)
-    if mac:
-        return mac
-
-    return None
-
-def _ipconfig_getnode():
-    """Get the hardware address on Windows by running ipconfig.exe."""
-    import os, re
-    dirs = ['', r'c:\windows\system32', r'c:\winnt\system32']
-    try:
-        import ctypes
-        buffer = ctypes.create_string_buffer(300)
-        ctypes.windll.kernel32.GetSystemDirectoryA(buffer, 300)
-        dirs.insert(0, buffer.value.decode('mbcs'))
-    except:
-        pass
-    for dir in dirs:
-        try:
-            pipe = os.popen(os.path.join(dir, 'ipconfig') + ' /all')
-        except IOError:
-            continue
-        for line in pipe:
-            value = line.split(':')[-1].strip().lower()
-            if re.match('([0-9a-f][0-9a-f]-){5}[0-9a-f][0-9a-f]', value):
-                return int(value.replace('-', ''), 16)
-
-def _netbios_getnode():
-    """Get the hardware address on Windows using NetBIOS calls.
-    See http://support.microsoft.com/kb/118623 for details."""
-    import win32wnet, netbios
-    ncb = netbios.NCB()
-    ncb.Command = netbios.NCBENUM
-    ncb.Buffer = adapters = netbios.LANA_ENUM()
-    adapters._pack()
-    if win32wnet.Netbios(ncb) != 0:
-        return
-    adapters._unpack()
-    for i in range(adapters.length):
-        ncb.Reset()
-        ncb.Command = netbios.NCBRESET
-        ncb.Lana_num = ord(adapters.lana[i])
-        if win32wnet.Netbios(ncb) != 0:
-            continue
-        ncb.Reset()
-        ncb.Command = netbios.NCBASTAT
-        ncb.Lana_num = ord(adapters.lana[i])
-        ncb.Callname = '*'.ljust(16)
-        ncb.Buffer = status = netbios.ADAPTER_STATUS()
-        if win32wnet.Netbios(ncb) != 0:
-            continue
-        status._unpack()
-        bytes = map(ord, status.adapter_address)
-        return ((bytes[0]<<40L) + (bytes[1]<<32L) + (bytes[2]<<24L) +
-                (bytes[3]<<16L) + (bytes[4]<<8L) + bytes[5])
-
-# Thanks to Thomas Heller for ctypes and for his help with its use here.
-
-# If ctypes is available, use it to find system routines for UUID generation.
-_uuid_generate_random = _uuid_generate_time = _UuidCreate = None
-try:
-    import ctypes, ctypes.util
-    _buffer = ctypes.create_string_buffer(16)
-
-    # The uuid_generate_* routines are provided by libuuid on at least
-    # Linux and FreeBSD, and provided by libc on Mac OS X.
-    for libname in ['uuid', 'c']:
-        try:
-            lib = ctypes.CDLL(ctypes.util.find_library(libname))
-        except:
-            continue
-        if hasattr(lib, 'uuid_generate_random'):
-            _uuid_generate_random = lib.uuid_generate_random
-        if hasattr(lib, 'uuid_generate_time'):
-            _uuid_generate_time = lib.uuid_generate_time
-
-    # On Windows prior to 2000, UuidCreate gives a UUID containing the
-    # hardware address.  On Windows 2000 and later, UuidCreate makes a
-    # random UUID and UuidCreateSequential gives a UUID containing the
-    # hardware address.  These routines are provided by the RPC runtime.
-    # NOTE:  at least on Tim's WinXP Pro SP2 desktop box, while the last
-    # 6 bytes returned by UuidCreateSequential are fixed, they don't appear
-    # to bear any relationship to the MAC address of any network device
-    # on the box.
-    try:
-        lib = ctypes.windll.rpcrt4
-    except:
-        lib = None
-    _UuidCreate = getattr(lib, 'UuidCreateSequential',
-                          getattr(lib, 'UuidCreate', None))
-except:
-    pass
-
-def _unixdll_getnode():
-    """Get the hardware address on Unix using ctypes."""
-    _uuid_generate_time(_buffer)
-    return UUID(bytes=_buffer.raw).node
-
-def _windll_getnode():
-    """Get the hardware address on Windows using ctypes."""
-    if _UuidCreate(_buffer) == 0:
-        return UUID(bytes=_buffer.raw).node
-
-def _random_getnode():
-    """Get a random node ID, with eighth bit set as suggested by RFC 4122."""
-    import random
-    return random.randrange(0, 1<<48L) | 0x010000000000L
-
-_node = None
-
-def getnode():
-    """Get the hardware address as a 48-bit positive integer.
-
-    The first time this runs, it may launch a separate program, which could
-    be quite slow.  If all attempts to obtain the hardware address fail, we
-    choose a random 48-bit number with its eighth bit set to 1 as recommended
-    in RFC 4122.
-    """
-
-    global _node
-    if _node is not None:
-        return _node
-
-    import sys
-    if sys.platform == 'win32':
-        getters = [_windll_getnode, _netbios_getnode, _ipconfig_getnode]
-    else:
-        getters = [_unixdll_getnode, _ifconfig_getnode]
-
-    for getter in getters + [_random_getnode]:
-        try:
-            _node = getter()
-        except:
-            continue
-        if _node is not None:
-            return _node
-
-_last_timestamp = None
-
-def uuid1(node=None, clock_seq=None):
-    """Generate a UUID from a host ID, sequence number, and the current time.
-    If 'node' is not given, getnode() is used to obtain the hardware
-    address.  If 'clock_seq' is given, it is used as the sequence number;
-    otherwise a random 14-bit sequence number is chosen."""
-
-    # When the system provides a version-1 UUID generator, use it (but don't
-    # use UuidCreate here because its UUIDs don't conform to RFC 4122).
-    if _uuid_generate_time and node is clock_seq is None:
-        _uuid_generate_time(_buffer)
-        return UUID(bytes=_buffer.raw)
-
-    global _last_timestamp
-    import time
-    nanoseconds = int(time.time() * 1e9)
-    # 0x01b21dd213814000 is the number of 100-ns intervals between the
-    # UUID epoch 1582-10-15 00:00:00 and the Unix epoch 1970-01-01 00:00:00.
-    timestamp = int(nanoseconds/100) + 0x01b21dd213814000L
-    if timestamp <= _last_timestamp:
-        timestamp = _last_timestamp + 1
-    _last_timestamp = timestamp
-    if clock_seq is None:
-        import random
-        clock_seq = random.randrange(1<<14L) # instead of stable storage
-    time_low = timestamp & 0xffffffffL
-    time_mid = (timestamp >> 32L) & 0xffffL
-    time_hi_version = (timestamp >> 48L) & 0x0fffL
-    clock_seq_low = clock_seq & 0xffL
-    clock_seq_hi_variant = (clock_seq >> 8L) & 0x3fL
-    if node is None:
-        node = getnode()
-    return UUID(fields=(time_low, time_mid, time_hi_version,
-                        clock_seq_hi_variant, clock_seq_low, node), version=1)
-
-def uuid3(namespace, name):
-    """Generate a UUID from the MD5 hash of a namespace UUID and a name."""
-    import md5
-    hash = md5.md5(namespace.bytes + name).digest()
-    return UUID(bytes=hash[:16], version=3)
-
-def uuid4():
-    """Generate a random UUID."""
-
-    # When the system provides a version-4 UUID generator, use it.
-    if _uuid_generate_random:
-        _uuid_generate_random(_buffer)
-        return UUID(bytes=_buffer.raw)
-
-    # Otherwise, get randomness from urandom or the 'random' module.
-    try:
-        import os
-        return UUID(bytes=os.urandom(16), version=4)
-    except:
-        import random
-        bytes = [chr(random.randrange(256)) for i in range(16)]
-        return UUID(bytes=bytes, version=4)
-
-def uuid5(namespace, name):
-    """Generate a UUID from the SHA-1 hash of a namespace UUID and a name."""
-    import sha
-    hash = sha.sha(namespace.bytes + name).digest()
-    return UUID(bytes=hash[:16], version=5)
-
-# The following standard UUIDs are for use with uuid3() or uuid5().
-
-NAMESPACE_DNS = UUID('6ba7b810-9dad-11d1-80b4-00c04fd430c8')
-NAMESPACE_URL = UUID('6ba7b811-9dad-11d1-80b4-00c04fd430c8')
-NAMESPACE_OID = UUID('6ba7b812-9dad-11d1-80b4-00c04fd430c8')
-NAMESPACE_X500 = UUID('6ba7b814-9dad-11d1-80b4-00c04fd430c8')
diff --git a/python/ovs/poller.py b/python/ovs/poller.py
index ffd6a39..b67cfc5 100644
--- a/python/ovs/poller.py
+++ b/python/ovs/poller.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# Copyright (c) 2010 Nicira, Inc.
+# Copyright (c) 2010, 2015 Nicira, Inc.
 #
 # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -75,10 +75,6 @@ class _SelectSelect(object):
 
         rlist, wlist, xlist = select.select(self.rlist, self.wlist, self.xlist,
                                             timeout)
-        # collections.defaultdict is introduced by python 2.5 and
-        # XenServer uses python 2.4. We don't use it for XenServer.
-        # events_dict = collections.defaultdict(int)
-        # events_dict[fd] |= event
         events_dict = {}
         for fd in rlist:
             events_dict[fd] = events_dict.get(fd, 0) | POLLIN
diff --git a/rhel/openvswitch-fedora.spec.in b/rhel/openvswitch-fedora.spec.in
index 2c6f6e9..c0e61ff 100644
--- a/rhel/openvswitch-fedora.spec.in
+++ b/rhel/openvswitch-fedora.spec.in
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Spec file for Open vSwitch.
 
-# Copyright (C) 2009, 2010, 2013, 2014 Nicira Networks, Inc.
+# Copyright (C) 2009, 2010, 2013, 2014, 2015 Nicira Networks, Inc.
 #
 # Copying and distribution of this file, with or without modification,
 # are permitted in any medium without royalty provided the copyright
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ Version: @VERSION@
 # Nearly all of openvswitch is ASL 2.0.  The bugtool is LGPLv2+, and the
 # lib/sflow*.[ch] files are SISSL
 # datapath/ is GPLv2 (although not built into any of the binary packages)
-# python/compat is Python (although not built into any of the binary packages)
 License: ASL 2.0 and LGPLv2+ and SISSL
 Release: 1%{?dist}
 Source: http://openvswitch.org/releases/%{name}-%{version}.tar.gz
diff --git a/rhel/openvswitch.spec.in b/rhel/openvswitch.spec.in
index 1ea685d..156263a 100644
--- a/rhel/openvswitch.spec.in
+++ b/rhel/openvswitch.spec.in
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Spec file for Open vSwitch on Red Hat Enterprise Linux.
 
-# Copyright (C) 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 Nicira, Inc.
+# Copyright (C) 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 Nicira, Inc.
 #
 # Copying and distribution of this file, with or without modification,
 # are permitted in any medium without royalty provided the copyright
@@ -55,9 +55,6 @@ rhel_cp etc_sysconfig_network-scripts_ifup-ovs 0755
 rhel_cp etc_sysconfig_network-scripts_ifdown-ovs 0755
 rhel_cp usr_share_openvswitch_scripts_sysconfig.template 0644
 
-install python/compat/uuid.py $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/usr/share/openvswitch/python
-install python/compat/argparse.py $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/usr/share/openvswitch/python
-
 # Get rid of stuff we don't want to make RPM happy.
 rm \
     $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/usr/bin/ovs-testcontroller \
diff --git a/tests/atlocal.in b/tests/atlocal.in
index bada7e2..5b4cd05 100644
--- a/tests/atlocal.in
+++ b/tests/atlocal.in
@@ -14,14 +14,11 @@ export PYTHONPATH
 PYTHONIOENCODING=utf_8
 export PYTHONIOENCODING
 
-# PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE=yes keeps Python 2.6+ from creating .pyc and .pyo
+# PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE=yes keeps Python from creating .pyc and .pyo
 # files.  Creating .py[co] works OK for any given version of Open
 # vSwitch, but it causes trouble if you switch from a version with
 # foo/__init__.py into an (older) version with plain foo.py, since
 # foo/__init__.pyc will cause Python to ignore foo.py.
-#
-# Python before version 2.6 always creates .pyc files, so if you develop
-# with such an older version then you're out of luck.
 PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE=yes
 export PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE
 
@@ -40,15 +37,6 @@ case `pwd | tr -d ' -~'` in
     *) non_ascii_cwd=true
 esac
 
-if test $HAVE_PYTHON = yes; then
-    if python -m argparse 2>/dev/null; then
-        :
-    else
-        PYTHONPATH=$PYTHONPATH:$abs_top_srcdir/python/compat
-        export PYTHONPATH
-    fi
-fi
-
 # Enable malloc debugging features.
 case `uname` in
 Linux)
diff --git a/xenserver/openvswitch-xen.spec.in b/xenserver/openvswitch-xen.spec.in
index 7a0c30f..acf905a 100644
--- a/xenserver/openvswitch-xen.spec.in
+++ b/xenserver/openvswitch-xen.spec.in
@@ -140,8 +140,6 @@ install -m 644 \
 
 install -d -m 755 $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/lib/modules/%{xen_version}/extra/openvswitch
 find datapath/linux -name *.ko -exec install -m 755  \{\} $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/lib/modules/%{xen_version}/extra/openvswitch \;
-install python/compat/uuid.py $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/usr/share/openvswitch/python
-install python/compat/argparse.py $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/usr/share/openvswitch/python
 
 install -d -m 755 $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/etc/xensource/bugtool
 cp -rf $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/usr/share/openvswitch/bugtool-plugins/* $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/etc/xensource/bugtool
-- 
2.1.3




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